Society has moral and economic obligations to assist the urban poor to overcome adverse conditions. A national urban policy designed to ameliorate substandard conditions is recommended along with realistic policies and programs of effective schooling. The urban poor have a responsibility to accept and use the help offered to them. (Author/VM)

Interviews with 188 university women aged 18 to 53 revealed that they expect an effective female leader to exhibit higher levels of consideration and initiating structure than will male leaders. No sex differences were detected for expectations of role assumption and production emphasis behaviors. Age-related differences among the women's…

Analysis of the extent to which 24 working conditions influenced the self-perceived reality shock of 211 beginning teachers revealed that the subjects' reality ratings were more positive than their expectation ratings in only two areas: help from other teachers and administrator observations. Teachers generally reported different sources of…

This article responds to Wineburg's critique of the "Pygmalion" study focusing on the self-fulfilling prophesy. The validity and tenability of the hypothesis are examined in relation to well-known critiques. The conclusion is that there is such a phenomenon and that it is quite applicable to teachers' expectations of students. (VM)

The author accuses Wineburg of using intellectual shortcuts and selective presentations to support the argument against the self-fulfilling prophesy phenomenon. The prophesy does exist and is applicable to schools because it is interrelationships which hold together social systems such as schools. Teachers' beliefs have definite consequences for…

First- and-sixth grade students responded to social attribution and social preference measures for photographs of attractive and unattractive potential female teachers. Students preferred attractive photographs, judging them as nicest, happiest, and prettiest teachers, and as teachers from whom they would learn the most. Unattractive photographs…

Assessed university students' knowledge about homosexuality in relation to their degree of homonegativism, i.e., physical, social, and emotional distancing from homosexuals, and selected personal variables. Respondents who were better informed about homosexuality proved less homonegative, particularly those with homosexual friend or family member.…

Reviews investigations attempting to manipulate clients' expectations for counseling or psychotherapy. Describes and evaluates six strategies used in attempting expectancy manipulation, none with significant success. Audiotaped and videotaped interventions proved most effective, verbal interactions ineffective, and printed documents of dubious…

This study used multiple regression analysis to relate computer user satisfaction to communication monitor (CM) variables. Results indicate the variables of user expectations, manufacturers, and vendors are most significant in affecting overall satisfaction, whereas number of systems represented and not using communication monitors have least…

Examined the initial expectations and the later perceptions of the social climates of university living units reported by newly entering students (N=92). Found that freshmen have inaccurate expectations of the future social climate of their living group. Found differences between students with active and passive social exploration preferences.…

Observed play of 52 toddlers with a set of socially stereotyped masculine, feminine, and neutral toys in a day care setting over 14 months to (1) determine the age at which toddlers consistently exhibit sex-stereotyped toy choices in a natural setting and (2) investigate relation of parents' expectations and the children's own knowledge of gender…

For most of the college students who went south to change the race relations of Mississippi and the nation during the "Freedom Summer" of 1964, the most radical effort of the civil rights movement, lower expectations have replaced the boundless hopes of the 1960s, but the values and the commitment remain. (RM)

In recorded interviews, 10 camp counselors described children they believed to have high social or athletic ability. Judges rated counselors' voice tone as warmer and less hostile when describing children for whom they had high expectations. Less competent counselors were more prone to biasing effects. (Author/BS)

A 1981 mail survey revealed evaluations by 701 Alabama farmers of recent life experiences in farming and expectations for life quality in the future as a function of farm structural characteristics were more important determinants of well-being than were farm structure dimensions. (NEC)

Studied sex role expectations of 120 children from preschool, second, and fifth grade who named their vocational aspirations and chose whether a man or woman could do the work in 30 occupations. The study revealed a disparity between many children's perceptions of occupations and their own sex-typed aspirations. (JAC)