Students in grades 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, and college were timed as they produced the answers to simple addition problems or verified a given problem as true or false. First graders clearly relied on a counting process for their performance, as advanced by the Groen and Parkman "min" (for minimum addend) model. Third grade appears to be a…

This document addresses issues raised during the Research on Teaching Mathematics Conference, examining them in view of the central tenets of the Institute for Research on Teaching at Michigan State University. It explains why teacher judgment is the focus of IRT research and discusses the concept of "the wisdom of the practitioner,"…

An examination of the views of Piaget on child development and a review of criticisms of his theories illustrate the general problem of applying psychological theories to educational practice. It is concluded that educators are largely ignorant of what children know and their ways of coming to know, especially as these operate in real time…

There is a growing interaction between psychology and education, toward basic research and toward realistic educational events. This is being accompanied by a movement toward equity in education involving the creation of environments for learning that are more adaptive to individual needs than schools generally provide at the present time.…

This paper presents a codification of theory-based approaches that are applicable to adult learning situations. It also lists some general guidelines that can be used when selecting a particular approach or theory as a basis for planning instruction. Adult education's emphasis on practicality and the relationship between theory and practice is…

An information processing approach was applied to the development and validation of a test battery intended for personnel selection, classification, and guidance; and design of training programs. The approach specifies that test should measure specific cognitive processes and basic abilities, rather than prior experience. Tests should be short,…

The purpose of this paper is to present a conceptual basis for advocacy of an inquiry-based instructional model. Focusing on the teacher as inquirer, the paper discusses the nature of inquiry, presents its conceptual framework and describes in detail the use of question strategies in the preschool program. The definition of inquiry analyzes…

Major research findings about student learning styles and implications for improving college and university teaching and the impact that instructional change has on college administration of instructional programs are addressed. The term "learning style" refers to a student's consistent way of responding and using stimuli in the context of…

This two-part learning module is designed to assist instructors in writing behavioral course objectives that will provide their students with precise statements of what is expected of them in terms of high-level cognitive learning, that is, learning that involves analysis or judgement. Part I of the module defines behavioral objectives as those…

Divided into nine chapters, this textbook for educators is designed to deal with selected, special problem areas in career education for the handicapped. Chapter 1 introduces the major concepts of the career education movement and its implications for programming for handicapped persons. Chapter 2 provides an overview of disabilities, while…

Intended for educational practitioners interested in direct application of learning and cognitive style to the classroom and the encouragement of transfer skill acquisition, this document is a review and synthesis of cognitive, learning, and teaching style literature with application to adult life stages and development. The first section of the…

PAPERS PRESENTED AT A 1957 CONFERENCE ON THE IDENTIFICATION OF CREATIVE SCIENTIFIC TALENT ARE INCLUDED IN THIS REPORT. RESEARCH STUDIES AND POSITION PAPERS DEAL WITH THE NATURE, MEASUREMENT, AND ENCOURAGEMENT OF SCIENTIFIC CREATIVITY. STUDIES THAT EXPLORE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN (1) UNDERGRADUATE GRADES AND RESEARCH ABILITY, (2) COMMUNICATIONS…

Exercises and accompanying explanations are provided in a two-part learning module designed to assist instructors in writing behavioral objectives that can be used to measure the attitudinal effects of course material on students. Part I of the module defines behavioral objectives as those which call for specific responses from learners and…

The purpose of this study was to investigate two types of transfer of learning (application transfer and gains in aptitude) in a mastery learning instructional mode. Seventh grade students were assigned either to a learning for mastery instructional mode or to a control group in a conventional classroom. Although the content matter covered and…

A brief review of the history of cognitive style research and a summary of definitions and terminology used by investigators in the area are presented. Most of the research on cognitive style has been motivated by work from three major groups: Witkin and associates; Holzman, Gardner, and associates; and Kagan and associates. Various definitions of…