A major purpose of this research was to measure the effect of four different teaching processes on lower and higher mental process achievement. Two separate studies, one in science and one in mathematics, involved approximately 100 seventh grade students in four classrooms in a public junior high school in a middle-income neighborhood, and 85…

A study examined the effects of teacher questioning and student prediction (purpose-setting procedures) upon the reading comprehension of 188 students in grades 3 through 6. Thirty-two constructed-answer questions were developed for use with an article about kangaroos, written in an expository style and approximately 900 words in length. Half of…

The Scottish Discussion Skills Project, conceived in 1981, is described in this booklet. Following an introduction that explains the context of the project, the booklet provides a summary of four educational reports that were the basis for the project, and defines the concept of discussion. The remainder of the booklet is divided into two parts.…

Three previous investigations of the effects of students' metacognitive awareness of question-answer relationships on reading comprehension led to the development of a four-session question-answer relationship (QAR) training program which can be used as a supplement to a regular reading program. The QAR in the proposed training program is based on…

Reading comprehension involves making connections between prior knowledge and the visual information on the page. To reduce uncertainty, the reader makes orthographic, syntactic, or semantic predictions. Thus, comprehension is relative, dependent on the answers to different readers' different kinds of questions. The reader does not record a…

Science experiment books which typically incorporate relatively large numbers of questions can be an especially important resource for children who are learning scientific processes. These processes include observing, communicating, hypothesizing, experimenting, measuring, classifying, generalizing, and predicting. An analysis of questions in…

This instructor's manual accompanies a student workbook for a course in basic income tax return preparation. An introductory section contains a course schedule and lists of technical publications, textbooks, other resource materials necessary to the teaching of the course, forms required for student use during instruction, and transparencies.…

Given the important role written questions have as a teaching strategy and their apparent use in textbooks, this study examined the written questions posed in representative American history textbooks intended for students at the seventh and eighth grade levels. Ten textbooks were randomly selected from a larger group of texts. Three chapters in…

The literature on the verbal behavior of teachers and their methods of testing students was reviewed. Studies included those on structuring (focusing attention on the topic), soliciting (including questions, commands, imperatives, and requests), responding (answering questions), and reacting (clarifying, synthesizing, expanding, or making positive…

The professional instructional designer frequently develops instruction for someone else--an outside client, another department of his or her organization, or colleagues who have content knowledge but lack specific instructional skills. The role of consultant poses unique hazards and opportunities, as it requires the use of relationship and…

This issue of Intercom consists of seven, short easy to use units on conflict and change at key points in United States History for junior and senior high school students. Units, designed to give students an understanding of what conflict is, include teaching strategies such as case studies, short readings or dramatic scenes, questioning…

This paper examines research on the kinds of classroom questioning skills where the type and sequence of questions teachers ask has a significant impact on student response and on the language used in responding. Some of the studies considered indicate that teachers frequently ask low-level questions with no logical sequence; that the majority of…

This document is a detailed module for instructing teacher trainees in the test development process. Upon completion of the package, the student is expected to be able to (1) identify pre-planning steps in test construction, (2) apply the two-way grid method of item classification, (3) develop and evaluate test items, and (4) apply item analysis…

Teacher questions play a crucial role in affecting the quality of reading instruction, yet, once a child responds to a teacher's question, little is known of the teacher's verbal feedback which provides the pupil with an indication of the accuracy of his or her response. Data were collected from 16 first and third grade teachers during basal…

From the Series "Social Studies Education: The Elementary School -- Focus on Inquiry.