A total of 80 Israeli 5, 7, and 10 year olds working in either a match-the-standard or a competitive condition copied a drawing and then evaluated their copies. Competing 5 year olds overestimated the quality of their copies. With age, self-assessments became less positive and better correlated with adult judgments. (RH)

While Ohio State University's recent success at fund raising is raising the hopes of other public and private institutions, many private colleges are worried by competition with public universities for a finite supply of private money. (MSE)

The Comprehensive Expectancy Motivation Model is based on valence-instrumentality-expectancy theory. It describes expectancy motivation as part of a larger process that includes past experience, motivation, effort, performance, reward, and need satisfaction. The model has significant implications for the design, marketing, and delivery of adult…

Two researchers present perspectives on the types of assessments teachers should conduct to obtain the best possible expectations for student potential and achievement. Suggestions are also presented regarding ways to help students reach their potential and to continue assessing and revising expectations. (CB)

Focuses on 331 college students' expectancies for their academic performance and the relationship of expectancies to actual grades. Concludes that, relative to men, women's expectations do not seem to bear the same relationship to their academic performance. Results indicate that caution must be exercised in making certain cross-sex comparisons.…

A literature review notes how gender expectations lead to nonverbal communication differences in such behaviors as smiling, eye contact, kinesics, proximics, and decoding. The importance of the effective use of nonverbal communication in human resource development is emphasized. (SK)

A framework for decision making in implementing development projects has three dimensions: (1) personal and project expectations; (2) multiple responsibilities (to whom is the team leader responsible); and (3) carrying out implementation tasks (unconditional positive regard for clients; "do no harm"). (SK)

The extent to which the expectancy of a teaching demand influences learning results was studied with 36 education majors who learned from worked-out examples with or without the expectation that they would have to teach similar examples. Teaching expectancy decreased the superficiality of studying the worked-out examples. (SLD)

A sample of 51 undergraduates rated 51 occupations; half selected the 12 most positive and half the 12 most negative. Ratings made after they read positive or negative depictions of the occupations indicated that expectations about occupations significantly influenced responses to occupational information, supporting the disconfirmation…

Undergraduates (n=101) selected careers using different models: (1) Expected Utility; (2) Sequential Elimination; or (3) unguided selection. Evaluation of decision quality showed the highest payoff from Expected Utility, which differed significantly in terms of frequency of selection of different types of careers. The other models did not differ…

A total of 114 boys and girls were given an expectancy that a stimulus child was either shy or outgoing and then rated the child on several personality dimensions. Results revealed that, when children were presented with both expectancy-congruent and expectancy-incongruent information, impression formation was largely attribute based, and the…

Describes investigation employing within-counselor design. Investigators analyzed audio recordings of career counseling interviews with clients who held either relatively negative expectations or relatively positive expectations regarding counseling. Clients who held relatively positive expectations were rated significantly higher on global…

A total of 80 infants, divided equally among 4 age groups, participated in a contingency learning task. Of these infants, 48 received an audiovisual stimulus contingent on arm movement, and 32 served as a yoked control group. Findings indicated that exposure to a period in which the infant's expectancy regarding contingent outcomes is violated…

Content analyzed self-reports from 704 college students and used results to develop Marijuana Effect Expectancy Questionnaire and Cocaine Effect Expectancy Questionnaire. Identified six marijuana expectancies and five cocaine expectancies. Drug effect expectancies distinguished between patterns of nonuse and varying degrees of use of these two…

Assuming that educational planning is a communicative process involving the transmission of symbols to effect change, this article offers a transformative approach consolidating three basic transformations (symbols, frames of reference, and behavior). The articulation of vision, the socialization of expectations, and empowerment are conceptualized…