This author argues that youth sports can move beyond the dichotomy of cooperation versus competition by redefining competition. This can be accomplished by considering the development of cooperative skills and achievement motivation. The article addresses how cooperative skills can be taught within a competitive sport. First, it is important to…

To achieve the overall goals and purposes of education is closely related to the living environments of students. Different family backgrounds will put children into a situation where they face unfair competition. According to a survey conducted in China's Urumqi and Changchun about parents' awareness of educating their children, this paper will…

This study surveyed 925 Australian high school students enrolled in grades 8 through 12 on measures of occupational aspirations, occupational expectations, career status aspirations, and career status expectations; it tested the association between these variables and career maturity, career indecision, career decision-making self-efficacy, and…

The study describes the extent of change in students' cognitive expectations after going through an Introductory Physics course. Cognitive expectations are beliefs about the learning process and the structure of knowledge. Using the Maryland Physics Expectations (MPEX) survey, the students' responses reflected the highest level of agreement with…

This study examined teachers' and parents' expectations of preschool age students' behavior to determine how teacher and parent views of "importance" converge and diverge. Teachers (n = 35) and parents (n = 124) rated the extent to which social skills were critical for school success. Results suggest that while teachers and parents share similar…

Teachers and administrators are often directed to distance themselves from the children in their charge. Despite the land mines that accompany personal relationships with students, the authors argue that educators can still learn to build personal relationships with students. Personal-relationship building is one of the most important skills a…

Background: Research has suggested that students can approach their studies with different goals, one goal being to understand material (mastery) and another to obtain better grades than others (performance). Aim: The main aim of this study was to assess whether these goals change as students progress through their degrees. Sample: 1857 students…

This paper reports on a study undertaken to evaluate the likelihood of anti-female bias in performance appraisals. Based on investigative reports, depositions, and eye-witness accounts in the subsequent litigation, four versions of a written scenario were prepared of an actual arrest sequence in which a male training officer was shot, and the…

The assessment of younger workers as loyal only to themselves has been made largely on social observations. A study conducted in 1982 to examine the career values of new college graduates surveyed 1,991 seniors from 50 colleges and universities nationwide. A follow-up survey was completed by 913 of the original respondents 18 months after…

The effects of teacher expectations and behavior on children's motivation to learn are explored. (BRT)

Repressors and sensitizers completed the Jourard Self-Disclosure Questionnaire and a Dimensions of Psychotherapy Rating Form to assess effects of defensive orientation on expectations for a psychotherapy relationship. Results are discussed within the framework of repressing and sensitizing defensive styles. (Author)

Investigated the hypothesis that 10-year-old children will tend to perceive delayed outcomes as being of lower value than immediately expected ones, with the effect being stronger for negative outcomes. Good- and bad-tasting foods were used as stimuli. (SDH)

The investigation was designed to examine the effects of an expectancy-inducing message on client perception of Interpersonal Contact, Self-Reference, and Self-Exploration in the initial interview. (Editor)

This article describes the attitudes toward therapy of clinic applicants from three socioeconomic levels. Findings suggest that low-income patients do not necessarily have more negative pre-treatment attitudes than upper status applicants. (Author)