Reviews recent educational research that establishes the relationship between effective schools and student performance. School policies can lead to higher educational achievement, regardless of family background. (Author/WD)

Personality and behavioral consequences of learned helplessness were monitored in children experiencing failure in school. The predictive quality of learned helplessness theory was compared with that of value expectancy theories. Low self-concept was predicted significantly by school failure, internal attributions for failure, and external…

College students (N=253) rated the effects they expected from drinking alcohol along various dimensions. Results showed that subjects expected moderate drinking to result in relatively greater stimulation/perceived dominance and pleasurable disinhibition, whereas for heavy drinking they expected a greater degree of behavioral impairment. (Author)

An occupation is preferred on the basis of the match between valences and instrumentalities. Subjects rated their most preferred occupation as more instrumental for all types of outcomes in comparison to other occupations. The more valent the outcome, the more likely the preferred occupation is rated as more instrumental for that outcome. (Author)

Women revealed more than men about their greatest fears and were likely to be the more higher disclosing partners. Couples with egalitarian sex-role attitudes disclosed more than couples with traditional sex-role attitudes. Self-disclosure was related to love but not to power structure. (Author)

Summarizes research concerning the disengagement theory of aging and examines awareness of finitude. Interviews with residents of old-age institutions revealed awareness of finitude to be a better predictor of disengagement than chronological age. Future research should examine this predictor in noninstitutional settings. (Author)

Techniques for obtaining time perspective data were examined. Undergraduates responded to a questionnaire containing one of three formats for reporting anticipated future life-events, varying in structure imposed on respondents. Temporal estimates of life-event occurence were coded using two procedures, both permitting a near and a far value.…

White and Black clients alike expected their counselor to be White. About half of the clients had no preferences. However, clients expressing preferences preferred counselors of their same race. Dropout and satisfaction with treatment were not related to the nature of clients' racial expectations. (Author)

High-, average-, and low-achieving boys and girls in the first and third grades were compared on their expectations for success prior to an anagrams task; their subsequent perceptions of the cause of failure on the task; and their expectations for future success. Findings are discussed. (Author/GK)

The influence of frequency of occurrence of a visual stimulus on encoding processes is investigated, to discover what mechanisms allow cognitive processes to modify perceptual processes. Six experiments are described and the results are discussed. (MH)

The extent to which perceptions of present and future status vary as a function of sex and academic status in low-income Blacks was investigated. The results indicate that, regardless of academic status, males possess higher expectations than females. (Author/RLV)

Assessed effects on initial expectancies of whether counseling was time-limited and of interaction of time limits with chronicity of the client's problem. Subjects in the chronic problem condition had the most negative expectancies. Time limits did not affect expectancies for client activity and responsibility and for counselor activity.…

Those evaluating teacher behavior were highly influenced by verbal remarks that led them to expect either excellent or poor performance. (Editor)