In separate research studies, students who were given a choice of learning materials or who had control over aversive noise, demonstrated higher motivation and better task performance. To investigate the additive effects of choice and control on perception of control, 80 male and female college students participated in a 2 (choice vs. no-choice) X…

Author presented a theory of thinking designed to multiply our power as thinkers, problem-solvers and learners. (Author/RK)

A preparatory method for clarifying individual expectations of group counseling and therapy was developed. The preparatory method developed was a 17-minute motion picture film entitled Groups. Results indicate that the film was effective in reducing the number of unclarified expectations these subjects had about group counseling and therapy.…

In this study a marked shift toward feminism was found in women's attitudes, but little change occured in their perception of men as relatively conservative. Strains may be developing as more women adopt attitudes which they believe men reject. (Author)

This study investigated the relationship between informal interaction with students and faculty members' perceptions of students. The findings suggest that increased informal interaction is associated not only with more positive expectations of students' intellectual interests and openness but also with the degree of congruence with students' self…

The present paper attempts to consider the physical education teacher's role in terms of (a) students' expectations across the years of teacher training; (b) how pupils see the role of the physical education teacher; and (c) the perceptions (and possible reinforcing influences) of classroom colleagues. (Author)

Discusses the ways in which the school environment is organized and warns against changing from traditional to open education without carefully evaluating the messages that the physical and the social environments (including teachers attitudes) are conveying. (Author/SDH)

The purpose of a study of fifth graders was to examine the relations of generalized and specific expectancies to actual academic performance. The results were taken to be supportive of conceptualizing achievement in expectancy terms. (Author/JH)

This document consists of part one of a book of readings that examine issues affecting men in the late 20th century. It was written for counselors at all educational levels, social workers, community therapists, private practitioners, clinicians, teachers, hospital workers, and Employee Assistance Program workers. Four chapters are included in…

Two papers examine perceptions about gifted students. In the first, studies related to labeling gifted children are reviewed. The report cites the uncertain nature of the results and the differing opinions about labeling. A brief overview of the evolution of labeling theory as an outgrowth of social deviance theory is also included. The second…

The role of achievement needs in self-evaluation has been relatively neglected. To examine ability evaluation through social comparison when achievement or self-esteem needs are salient, students (N=102) were given bogus (favorable or unfavorable) ability feedback to manipulate the need for self-esteem maintenance. Achievement motivation was…

The purpose of this study was to identify teachers' expectations of schooling and their causal attributions regarding the academic performance of their students. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire administered to 451 elementary school teachers. Analyses led to the following conclusions: (1) teachers hold high expectations of schooling…

Reality shock within organizations can be defined as the discrepancy between an individual's expectations established prior to joining an organization and the individual's perceptions after becoming a member of the organization. To investigate the effects of reality shock on organizational commitment, 109 bank tellers were monitored for 10 months…

Affective and physiological responses, interpersonal interaction, and alcohol consumption have been significantly correlated with cognitive factors in defining the behavioral effects of alcohol. To investigate alcohol reinforcement expectancies at the abusive end of the drinking continuum, 305 male and female adult alcoholics enrolled in alcohol…

The goals of education are drawn from what we know about the nature of knowledge, society, and the individual. There is almost universal agreement that education is to give definite knowledge. However, the second objective, to create those mental habits that will enable people to acquire knowledge and form sound judgments for themselves, often…