Found parent-youth sentiment and power varied markedly among four continuous groups of 443 drug-using/drug-abstaining youth between the ages of 9 and 17. Suggests that prosocial behaviors are enhanced when behavioral expectations are clearly specified and reinforced with praise, encouragement, and other positive rewards. (Author/NB)

U.S. educational systems and schools are now organized primarily for student custody and administrative convenience. This article describes how to redesign schools to achieve better educational results by focusing on an outcomes-based paradigm, illustrated by the High Success program being tried in various high schools. Includes four figures and…

Mothers of learning-disabled (N=15) and normally achieving (N=16) elementary-school boys administered an academic task to their children, and mothers' expectations and attributions for their sons' performance were assessed. Mothers of learning disabled pupils held lower performance expectations, provided more negative nonverbal responses, and more…

The dilution of the high school curriculum in the last several decades results not from teachers' intellectual convictions, or lack of them, but from their belief in classroom survival. Student attitudes, not teacher attitudes, need to be changed. (MSE)

Educators must realize that expectations should be appropriate and positive. Teachers who are not familiar with the culture of their students may not know what to expect. Schools may unknowingly promote failure by basing expectations on middle class norms. Two exemplary case studies of bilingual students are presented. (VM)

Reviews the development of the Life Role Salience Scales (LRSS), which were designed to assess men's and women's personal expectations concerning occupational, marital, parental, and home care roles. Results indicate that the instrument has eight clearly defined scales demonstrating adequate convergent and discriminant validity and reliability.…

Compares the abilities of six gratification models to predict satisfaction with television news. Provides support for a combined expectancy-value/gratifications-obtained approach to explaining and predicting media satisfaction. (PD)

A teacher's letter to a student explains what his B grade for the course does and does not represent in terms of the student's achievement or success as a human being or in future accomplishments. (MSE)

This article reviews self-fulfilling prophecies in three sequential stages: (1) teachers develop expectations, (2) teachers treat students differently depending on expectations, and (3) students react to treatment in expectancy-confirming ways. The focus is on social and psychological events at each stage, causal processes linking stages, and…

After discussing the concepts of "white" and "black" masculinity, the article discusses the following factors constraining black male role assumption: (1) structural constraints; (2) societal constraints; (3) dysfunctional socialization messages; and (4) psychological factors. Three theories on black masculinity are discussed and their weaknesses…

Examines the influence of perceived parental expectations on Chinese children's school performance in mathematics. (HOD)

In their role as counselors and advisers, college admissions officers can enhance student retention by helping prospective students develop reasonable expectations about their undergraduate education and by helping them choose the institution that is best for them. (MSE)

An observer discusses factors in the choice of medicine as a career, trends in medical school enrollment and student characteristics, problems posed for medicine by those factors and trends, and their sources and solutions in current medical education. (MSE)

Counseling expectations, interaction patterns, and outcome ratings of 45 clients and their counselors in a university counseling center are examined as a function of client continuation in counseling. (Author)

The purpose of this study was to investigate aspiration, expectation, and parental influence and the extent to which these variables manifest themselves among 210 Upward Bound students in three institutions. (Author/LMO)