Using a nationwide survey, found work expectations change dramatically during years normally associated with retirement; over two-fifths of those never expecting to stop working were retired four years later; those expecting to retire were more likely to reach that goal. Argues against cross-sectional studies in planning Social Security changes.…

Studied the effects of realistic job previews (RJPs) with candidates (N=842) for telephone service representative. Two types of preview, a film and job visit, were used. Results showed no significant differences between RJP candidates and control candidates with respect to job acceptance, expectations, job commitment, and turnover. (Author/RC)

Examined effects of role congruity between clients and therapists. Relatively maladjusted Black and White college students were exposed to role-preparation procedures before receiving therapy. Results suggested the feasibility and desirability of training clients for better participation in therapy. Suggests client-therapist racial differences may…

Sources of teacher stress in private boarding schools include the expectations placed on teachers, poor administrative leadership, the physical environment, time pressures, and age differences or similarities with colleagues and students. Coping with stress may involve lowered expectations, better personal health care, consistent supervision,…

A series of behavioral expectation scale applications were analyzed in an attempt to point out an appropriate number of dimensions to be included in such studies. Results reflected the problems of dimension interdependence when the number of dimensions exceeds nine. (Author/JKS)

Academic locus of control and mothers' school-related reactions and expectations were studied in 81 learning disabled (LD) and 81 normally achieving children. LD children indicated more external perceptions of control for academic success. Mothers of LD children reported more negative reactions to their children and lower academic performance…

Reports on research which indicates that much of the meaning of transcendental meditation (TM) is constructed from preexisting understandings and expectations. Various influences for the impact of TM are suggested including the language, rules, and world view of the social environment. (RC)

Responses in the parent interviews revealed that many trainees were still home based and family dependent. Some parents were prolonging the dependence of their young people rather than reinforcing the independent living skills training at the center. (Author)

Teachers' perceptions of personal classroom control with high- and low-ability students were examined, using five hypothetical classroom contexts. Results indicated that high ability students were perceived as more controllable than low-ability students, and teacher-initiated interactions as providing more control than student-initiated…

Reports on research that (1) suggests that phonetically ambiguous pairs (ice cream/I scream) have been used inaccurately to illustrate contextual effects in word segmentation, (2) supports unitary rather than exhaustive processing, and (3) supports the use of the concepts of word frequency and listener expectations instead of top-down, multiple…

Stating that motivation is a product of the interaction between employer and employee, the authors discuss the "Pygmalion effect" (whereby the expectations of a manager influence the performance of subordinates), the importance of communication, and the components of nonverbal communication: environment, proxemics, postures, gestures,…

Data on teacher expectation research have revealed that some teachers treat high- and low-achieving students differently and that teachers' expectations appear to be associated with student achievement. (Author)

The purpose of this study was to describe the effects of teacher expectations on specific teacher behaviors and student behaviors during physical education instruction. (MM)

Learned helplessness is a state of passivity and loss of persistence resulting from individuals' perceptions, over a period of time, that they cannot control outcomes of events nor can their efforts lead to attainment of goals. Research studies are reviewed and implications for the study of learning disabilities are evaluated. (MH)

Explains the types of effects, usually unintentional, that psychologists can have upon the results of their research; describes the "Pygmalion Experiment," in which teachers' expectations for children's behavior proved to be self-fulfilling prophecies; and points to research needs in the area of interpersonal expectations. (GT)