Self-report, pre/post testing is a frequently employed measure of therapeutic change. To investigate whether expectation of change might be an alternative explanation to the scale shift explanation of response shift bias in a self-report measure, a two-session assertiveness training intervention for college women was evaluated under manipulated…

Both the Carnegie Report and the Paideia Report argue that all students should study the same curriculum and that significant qualitative change in educational programs is needed. Ernest Boyer's book, "High School," provides evidence of the diversity of the public schools, challenges stereotypes, and suggests that many needed changes can be…

A study was conducted of White, Black, and Hispanic parents with children enrolled in south Los Angeles County private Christian schools, in order to determine and compare their expectations of the schools. The increase in Christian school enrollment during the 1970's has been attributed to both white flight from contemporaneous desegregation…

In exploring myths surrounding the development of persons with Down syndrome, this paper discusses briefly the characteristics of Down syndrome, the origins of the myths, the status of the myths in light of current empirical research, and reasons why developmental psychology has clung to some essentially counter-developmental assumptions.…

People who decide or are forced to relocate often undergo a lengthy waiting period before they can move. This waiting period may be a highly stressful time for individuals anticipating relocation. This study explored relocating older adults' (N=63) coping strategies and the impact of these strategies on health, cognitive functioning, and well…

After a review of the literature on cognitive "cause maps" in organizational decision-making, this study describes a midwestern elementary school from the perspective of individual sensemaking, captured through individual cognitive maps of cause-effect relationships. Data were collected with an adaptation of Bougon's (1983) Self-Q…

A series of studies demonstrates that preschool, preoperational children deal effectively with tasks by anticipating the likelihood of their success and failure. They manifest these expectations in their behavior: in their decision time for making predictions, in the distributions of these predictions, and in their approach to particular tasks.…

Students' achievement in school is undoubtedly multi-faceted. Research has suggested that one important variable in student achievement is the interaction between the teacher and the student. Such interactions may serve to enhance or diminish the achievement of an individual student or group of students. Results of anonymous questionnaires given…

Past research indicates that people employ different strategies to manage others' impressions; however, conditions which make these strategies effective remain unclear. Using a sample of college students (N=345), the effectiveness of self-presentational strategies on influencing others' attributions of causes for expected and unexpected helping…

While little research has been done in the area of shyness and most of that has been descriptive, both theory and research suggest that investigation of expectancy of success and attributional style differences between shy and not-shy individuals is warranted. Very shy (N=49) or not-shy (N=48) female subjects, selected from an initial group of 698…

The entries in this annotated bibliography center on the effects of teachers' attitudes and behaviors towards black elementary students in integrated classrooms. The first section cites research on interactions in the classroom: specifically, self-fulfilling teacher expectations and behaviors communicating such expectations. Entries in the second…

Attitudes toward marriage among unmarried women are of interest because they may reflect the impact of changing sex roles. To survey two aspects of attitudes toward marriage, i.e., evaluations and behavioral intentions, 214 unmarried college women completed a questionnaire. Results showed that, in general, attitudes toward marriage were favorable.…

A common sexual stereotype, supported by research evidence, is that women are more sociable than men. In studies using standardized measures of social interests, social values, needs for inclusion and acceptance, and the need for affiliation, women nearly always score higher than men. In studies comparing the social skills of women and men, women…

Consistency between personal residential expectations and parental preferences was analyzed through results from 1,957 nonmetropolitan and 1,347 metropolitan questionnaires from Utah's 1980 graduating high school seniors. Students responded to two questions asking where they thought their parents/guardians wanted them to live after graduation and…

Many problems arise from inaccurate expectations for preservice teacher education and its relationship to what goes on in elementary and secondary schools. Preservice education is expected to provide schools with a continuous supply of highly qualified candidates. However, preservice teacher education exerts little proactive control over teacher…