Attribution of a disposition or trait to a person asserts information about the pattern of that person's behavior. Past research has suggested that a moral disposition implies only moral behavior, while an immoral disposition implies both moral and immoral behavior. The effect of these implicational schemata on attributions of morality was…

Two computer simulation models, arrived at by using System Dynamics (a systems analysis method for developing models of dynamic causal structures), have emerged from work on the dynamic differences between schools that are effective and ineffective for initially low-achieving children. One model focuses upon the differences between effective and…

Four student-rated qualities of affective meaning associated with getting a grade of "C" in selected college courses were analyzed for their relation to student academic self-esteem and their sensitivity to two course-related context factors: course content and its intended audience. A total of 106 students in two sections of an introductory…

One-hundred-seventy-six male and 116 female college freshmen took part in a questionnaire study of sex differences in attribution of achievemnt. Achievement was operationalized as grade point index, a performance measure of significance to the subjects, where success-failure feedback is contingent on one's own performance. The best predictor of…

The feasibility of using student cognitive attainment to determine the competence of student teachers is studied. Data on four influencs (common to all student teaching experiences) were gathered by investigating four research questions: (1) expectancies of learners held by student teachers; (2) prior solo teaching time and opportunity to learn…

This study investigated instructional methodology in relation to the effectiveness of different instructional feedback strategies that can be used in regular classroom situations. Experimental conditions were created to investigate whether, in addition to mastery learning strategies, either the student's ability to use stated criteria to judge his…

Performance differences and differences in expectancies of success between men and women were examined relative to the replication of preselected and constrained movements. No performance differences were found between the sexes, but preselected movements were reproduced more accurately than constrained movements. Persons who made preselected…

To identify motivations and expectations regarding experiential education programs, a study interviewed 143 individuals from five participant groups. High school students, program coordinators, secondary principals, employers/sponsors, and parents involved in eighteen experiential programs in four states (Ohio, California, Florida, and…

Utilizing a personal, conversational writing style, this self-intervention guide for school personnel is designed (1) to facilitate one's thinking about one's personal expectations and behaviors which might be influenced by sex role stereotyping, and (2) to change one's behaviors that might create barriers to students' career choice or…

Abramson, Seligman and Teasdale's reformulated model of learned helplessness hypothesized that an attribution of causality intervenes between the perception of noncontingency and the future expectation of future noncontingency. To test this model, relationships between attribution and performance under failure, success, and control conditions were…

Past research has suggested that supervisors, when evaluating the poor performance of a subordinate, are influenced by the outcome of the performance. Nurses (N=55) in advanced training assumed the role of a supervisor of a nurse described as having performed poorly. Half of the subjects read an incident without an outcome and half read an…

Although interest has increased in applying cognitive behavior therapies to conjoint treatment of marital problems, the role of cognitive processes in marital maladjustment and in couples' orientations toward marital therapy has not been sufficiently investigated. The association between couples' levels of marital distress and their goals for…

Carried out in Scotland, the project described in this book examined what Scottish parents want from preschool education and why. The first chapter describes the present situation of preschool education and how it serves different kinds of parents. Chapter II discusses the kinds of preschool provision desired by parents living in three different…

This study investigated the importance and meaning of the role of observation in teachers' assessment of student achievement. Seven questions were used as a guide by the researchers: 1) What do teachers mean when they rate observation as their most important source of information for assessing student achievement? 2) What role do teachers'…

Methods of helping students reduce test anxiety are discussed, including guided fantasy which leads students to imagine a setting in which they feel competent and relaxed. Catastrophic-anastrophic expectations teach that different expectations create different feelings and make students aware that they are in charge of their own attitudes. Anxiety…