Examined were the effects of high expectancy and non-expectancy conditions on the verbal behavior of 12 moderately and mildly retarded children (3-16 years old). Six experimental Ss were exposed to a condition in which experimenters expressed expectation of achievement on the Children's Apperception Test. Comparisons of verbalization revealed…

One of a series of reports from a larger investigation entitled "The Student Attribute Study," the present paper discusses classroom observation data collected in this study concerning the interactions between teachers and students who had been previously identified as objects of teacher attachment, concern, or rejection. The Student…

This article examines the issues at the center of positive health maintenance in later life. Included are helpful planning aids, as well as references for further reading on such subjects as exercise and nutrition. (Author/MLF)

This article discusses retirement as a challenge to find a new sense of personal wholeness and of well-being. (Author/MLF)

This article is an inventory exercise intended to help retirees reconsider, and even rediscover, some of the personal resources that they bring to this new period of their lives. (Author/MLF)

This study explores the notion of "fear of success" as a function of cultural expectations rather than as an intrapsychic motive held by women. A total of 476 male and female students (including 3rd, 6th, 9th, and 12th graders) were tested on semantic differential scales to gauge their reactions to the success or failure of a woman or a man. It…

Expectancy estimates, performance scores, level of aspiration, and attribution scores were collected from 160 high school seniors. Performance involved a symbol coding test introduced as either a masculine or feminine task. Female expectancy estimates were lower than male on both tasks. Females expected to lose under direct competition,…

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of teacher expectations on first-grade reading achievement. Rankings of reading readiness were collected from 26 classroom teachers before and after falsified reading readiness scores were presented to them. From 536 first graders, 32 high socioeconomic status with low reading readiness status…

Since some critics have proposed that correlations between crosscultural comparisons of high prestige occupations and standard occupational indexes might prove lower if larger numbers of occupation titles were compared and if nonurban populations were studied, the occupational prestige evaluations of a rurally isolated group of American Indians…

The charge has often been made that in peripheral regions of Scotland the secondary educational system has contributed to rural depopulation, since students often must leave the rural community for a distant, centralized secondary school located in an urban area where values and aspirations differ from those of rural communities. In a study of…

This paper presents a critical evaluation of the research study Pygmalion in the Classroom by R. Rosenthal and L. Jacobson (New York: Holt, Rinehard and Winston, 1968) and reports an extensive reanalysis of the Rosenthal-Jacobson data. The Pygmalion study purported to show that children whose teachers expected them to "bloom"…

In this study, the judgmental ratings that 15 teacher-subjects made of the two-factors of "confidence-eagerness" and "ethnicity-nonstandardness" in children's speech are compared to their presumptions of the speech behavior expected from children from certain ethnic and social status groups. In a pre- and post-test experiment…

Critiques of the Rosenthal research on experimenter bias and teacher expectancy have demonstrated that few, if any, conclusions can be drawn from it. From other research concerning the factors in and effects of teacher expectancy, it appears that elementary school children make accurate perceptions of subtle affective and cognitive behaviors of…

The major objective of this study was to ascertain which of the eligible persons most influenced students' educational aspirations, expectations, and potential performance. Information on educational aspirations and expectations of 119 Native Americans and 304 non-Indian youth attending 4 small rural high schools in Montana was obtained by…

Purpose of the study was to investigate the relative impact of family income on the level of educational aspirations and expectations of high school students. Information on educational aspirations and expectations of 119 Native Americans and 304 non-Indian youth attending 4 small rural high schools in Montana was obtained by questionnaire. It was…