Research indicates that establishing a secure attachment relationship in childhood affects later perceived social support (PSS). In order to test this relationship empirically and to gather comparative information on the separate elements of PSS, two attachment questionnaires and three measures of PSS were administered to 139 white males and 320…

This study of gender differences in mathematics learning examined two 4-year-olds who attended a Melbourne, Australia preschool. The study traces the experiences of the students, one female and one male, during their first formal exposure to mathematics in kindergarten. Of particular concern was how the preschoolers interacted with their teacher,…

There has been considerable debate regarding the consequences of students working part time while attending school. This study was conducted to compare teachers' perceptions of work impacts with other measures of students' academic performance and involvement. Surveys were completed by 172 high school students and 47 teachers and administrators.…

A survey was conducted in Brownsville, Texas, to identify the educational and occupational aspirations and expectations of Hispanic females and to determine whether these expectations and aspirations differed from those of the dominant culture. Survey instruments were distributed to all senior females (N=853) in local high schools, requesting…

Since the 1950s, parenting and childhood in America have changed dramatically. Childhood as a period in which to grow at one's own pace in a protected environment largely removed from adult supervision has given way to a new era in which the parent acts as supervisor and director of the child's development. Such involvement, especially by middle…

A study focused on determination of the tenability of competing hypotheses about the effect of curriculum pathway in high school upon occupational aspirations. Data were provided by a sample of respondents in the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience--New Youth Cohort (NLS Youth), supplemented by their high school transcripts.…

Although frequently attacked as invalid, demeaning, biased, illegal, and irrelevant, preemployment testing procedures appear to be increasing in popularity. Many prominent companies and organizations are making extensive use of tests. Part of the resurgence of testing is attributable to clearer definitions of acceptable practice. Legal precedents…

By examining two autobiographies by Victorian women, the role of editors in the composing and publishing of autobiographical texts can be explored, and questions can be raised about the way personal writing is assigned, edited, and evaluated in classrooms today. The autobiography of Margaret Oliphant, a prolific Victorian novelist and critic, was…

This paper examines the research and literature on teacher expectations since the Pygmalion study by Rosenthal and Jacobson. Included in the bibliography is research on race, gender, nonverbal behavior and socioeconomic status as it pertains to expectancies. The paper demonstrates how this information can and should be incorporated in the…

Ten years of intensive research and development in foreign language teaching in Finland have resulted in a foreign language curriculum with a communicative orientation and textbooks to accompany it. Another outcome of this work was a realization of the complexity of language teaching, which led to models of the language teaching process. One such…

The purpose of this study was to examine the nature of the expectancy-performance relationship for each sex and to determine whether cross-sex comparisons are appropriate. Students' expectancies for academic performance and the relationship of the expectancies to actual grades were examined. Subjects were 331 students (168 women and 163 men)…

Previous studies have revealed that the correlation between communication apprehension (CA) and academic achievement may be significantly different for male and female elementary school students. A study investigated the effects of CA, sex of student, and three teacher characteristics on teacher expectations of academic achievement. Subjects, 221…

Many adjustment problems may stem from the difference between initial expectations and later, experienced perceptions. To test this theory in relation to the social climate of university living units, and to assess initial perceptions and predictions of the future in relation to level of social exploration as a coping style, 92 entering freshmen…

A procedure for developing a nomogram that depicts expectancy of success on a criterion from performance on two predictors is presented. Data from 574 medical students attending Michigan State University College of Human Medicine's classes of 1979 through 1984 were used to develop a model for predicting the expectancy of success on Part I of the…

Since World War II, women have become a permanent part of the American work force but are under-represented in most scientific professions. Researchers are now aware of gender influences on expectations and achievement in academic settings, with research indicating that females have lower expectations of competence in science-related professions.…