According to natural-language theory, reading and writing are learned from whole to part, in meaningful contexts. Strategies based on this theory for literacy tutors to use include Characteristics of Good Readers; Apperceptive Interactive Method; Prime-O-Tec (repeated readings); Knows, Wants, Learned, Confused; and List It and Skip It. (SK)

Questions the validity of current reductionist assumptions concerning learning differences and proposes a new science of life based on dynamic, transforming, hierarchically organized systems of energy. This view of cognition is related to Piaget's insights, which are extended to include a view of learning differences consistent with these…

Second-language scholars have suggested that Krashen's construct of "i +1" is similar to Vygotsky's zone of proximal development and that it might therefore be feasible to integrate the two constructs in way that would be productive for second-language acquisition (SLA) research. Article argues that this is futile, not only because…

Discusses the evolution of human performance improvement, an outgrowth of instructional systems design and programmed instruction that emerged after World War II. Discusses the contributing disciplines (behaviorism, analytical systems, organizational learning, organizational development, systems theory, management development) and the major…

Illustrates two analyses of mathematical learning based on the multi-word paradigm and considers it theoretically. The multi-world paradigm suggests the very important forward direction for research in teaching and learning mathematics because educational phenomena are often complex and can not be reduced to a single theory. (Contains 28…

Transformative adult development involves a qualitative change in world view with resulting tension and struggles of the production of new consciousness. Change occurs through a dialectic process of reconstructing meaning in new ways. (SK)

Examines theoretical underpinnings of educational gerontology that serve as the foundation of programming, including developmental perspectives, longitudinal research into the lifespan, gender roles, reminiscence, cognition, and need-based learning. (SK)

Identifies barriers and facilitators to the implementation of patient education in community pharmacies and classifies these barriers and facilitators into the diffusion stages of Rogers'"Innovations in Organizations" model. Discusses the implementation of patient education activities that require individual and organizational change in…

Explains the place of learning in human development from the perspective developmental contextualism, where development involves changing relations between the developing person and his or her changing context. Demonstrates that learning is no more nor less important than other focal functions at a given level; any impact is through being part of…

Examines the research literature on conceptual change, analyzes the different uses of the term, and discusses six other issues that have emerged from this literature. Outlines a multidimensional framework for considering conceptual change events in the classroom and attempts to synthesize various perspectives of contemporary conceptual change…

This paper looks at teaching South African women's writing on a "Black and Asian women's writing" module, with some references to other classes in which South African women's writing has been a part. Post-colonial and feminist critical practices are integrated with the learning theories of phenomenography and experiential learning in…

Article discusses problems associated with promoting intellectual growth in adulthood. Defines characteristics of intelligent behavior as incorporating individual attainment of Resources, Intimacy, Competence, and Health (RICH). Presents the RICH theory as a way to define and address the goals of intelligent enhancement. (JDM)

Proposes: (1) teaching is a human endeavor that does not and cannot improve over time; (2) human beings are fantastic learners and they learn all the time; and (3) humans don't learn well in the teaching-focused classroom. Concludes the need for more and better higher education won't be met until professors become designers of learning experiences…

The distinction between formal and informal education is unhelpful. A reconceptualized concept of apprenticeship should reconcile the polarization between learner-centered and transmission approaches to instruction. (SK)

Reviews intelligent tutoring systems and introduces social theory as an alternative to individual learning theory that has served as a basis for intelligent tutoring system development. Discusses social processes and learning, collaborative learning and intelligent tutoring systems, and the need for a revised architecture for intelligent tutoring…