One limitation of the naturalistic observation method is that it is understudied how accurately personal relationships may be judged by observers in real-life settings. To assess this judgment accuracy, we observed 285 dyads of individuals in public places and then asked whether they were affiliated or strangers. We found that human observers were…

When selecting fillers to include in a police lineup, one must consider the level of similarity between the suspect and potential fillers. In order to reduce misidentifications, an innocent suspect should not stand out. Therefore, it is important that the fillers share some degree of similarity. Importantly, increasing suspect-filler similarity…

As an excellent means of improving students' effective learning, knowledge tracking can assess the level of knowledge mastery and discover latent learning patterns based on students' historical learning evaluation of related questions. The advantage of knowledge tracking is that it can better organize and adjust students' learning plans, provide…

Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 4.7 aims to ensure learners acquire the knowledge and skills for promoting sustainable development by 2030. Yet, Open Educational Resources (OERs) that connect the public with SDGs are currently limitedly assigned and insufficient to promote SDG and sustainability education to support the achievement of SDG 4.7…

Bayesian estimations of complex regression models with high-dimensional parameter spaces require advanced priors, capable of addressing both sparsity and multicollinearity in the data. The Dirichlet-horseshoe, a new prior distribution that combines and expands on the concepts of the regularized horseshoe and the Dirichlet-Laplace priors, is a…

From an operant perspective, verbal behavior is multiply controlled by different sources of stimulation, including self-stimulation. Self-stimulation (i.e., responding with respect to one's own response products) is thought to be especially important for verbal mediation that temporally extends discriminative stimulus control. While previous…

Accurately judging students' comprehension is a key professional competence for teachers. It is crucial for adapting instruction to students' needs and thereby promoting student learning. According to the cue-utilization framework, the accuracy of teachers' judgments depends on how predictive (or diagnostic) the information (or cues) that teachers…

Free throw shooting percentage has averaged around 75% for nearly five decades. However, free throw percentages significantly increased to 79% during the 2020 spectator-less National Basketball Association season. The current study investigated if the elevated free throw shooting percentage observed during the spectator-less season has returned to…

Visual system is crucial to autobiographical memory. Research tended to show that blind adults may compensate for the loss of visual information in retrieval of their autobiographical memories. Much less is known about how blind children's autobiographical memory develops in the absence of visual information. Using cue-word methodology, 36 sighted…

Efforts to encourage laboratory automation through student access to and usage of commercial equipment are hampered by prohibitive acquisition costs. Here, an automated liquid handler using manual pipettes was developed to operate on a commercial hobbyist 3D printer at a cost of US $325. Arising from an iterative design process that ensured…

Generic sentences such as "Birds lay eggs" are used frequently and effortlessly, but there is no simple quantitative rule that determines whether they are true or false. For instance, while "Birds lay eggs" is considered true, "Birds are female" is considered false, even though there are necessarily fewer birds that…

We investigated the role of distinct inhibitory processes as 4- to 6-year-olds from the Northeastern United States (N = 48, M[subscript age] = 68.27 months, 22 boys, 26 girls; 63% White, 6% Black, 4% Asian, 2% Hispanic, 8% more than one race, with 17% not reporting) and adults evaluated accurate or deceptive information from human or non-human…

Purpose: Earlier work has established developmental benchmarks for intelligibility and articulation rate, but the intersection of these two variables, especially within individual children, has received limited attention. This study examines the interaction between intelligibility and speaking rate in typically developing children between the ages…

Evidence suggests custom chatbots are superior to commercial generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) systems for text-based anatomy content inquiries. This study evaluates ChatGPT-4o's and Claude 3.5 Sonnet's capabilities to interpret unlabeled anatomical images. Secondarily, ChatGPT o1-preview was evaluated as an AI rater to grade AI-generated…

As Artificial Intelligence (AI) keeps advancing, Generation Alpha and future generations are more likely to cope with situations that call for critical thinking by turning to AI and relying on its guidance without sufficient critical thinking. I defend this worry and argue that it calls for educational reforms that would be designed mainly to (a)…