Reported hate crimes have increased rapidly in recent years, including on college campuses. Concurrently, general racial animus has increased in the United States. Scholars have shown that the larger sociopolitical environment can directly impact the campus climate and experiences of all students, particularly students of color. However, little is…

The purpose of this sacred ethnography is to examine the implications of living at the intersections of dis/ability, race, gender, sexuality, spirituality/religion, and class, while persisting through doctoral education in what is referred to as the United States. To further help describe the concrete ways institutions of higher education's…

We report the results of a preregistered study that tested the effectiveness of inoculating participants against Islamophobic and radical-Islamist disinformation. Participants in the experimental (inoculation) condition watched a video that explained common rhetorical markers of radical-Islamist and Islamophobic disinformation that had been…

The law of Non-Original Malappropriate Eponymous Nomenclature (NOMEN) states that no phenomenon is named after its discoverer. However, eponymous terms are rife in the anatomical and medical literature. In this viewpoint commentary, the authors discuss the history of anatomical eponyms, explain the additional cognitive load imposed by eponyms that…

In making validity arguments, a central consideration is whether the instrument fairly and adequately covers intended content, and this is often evaluated by experts. While common procedures exist for quantitatively assessing this, the effect of loss aversion--a cognitive bias that would predict a tendency to retain items--on these procedures has…

Schools must isolate patterns of inequity by disagreggating various formative assessment data by race, gender, or other characteristics. Such a lens often uncovers disparities in outcomes and can point to unconscious biases affecting how teacher respond to different student groups. Learn how to bring an equity focus into your school improvement…

This paper criticizes mainstream philosophical justifications for paternalism in children's education, highlighting their exclusion of students labelled with intellectual disability. Most philosophical justifications of paternalism presume "able-mindedness" -- that is, they presume that learners possess the potential to develop…

This article argues the case for the use of well-chosen literary texts as a means of addressing ongoing LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer or questioning) erasure in the ELT classroom. In this way LGBTQ students are offered much-needed recognition and those students who are not LGBTQ are given the opportunity to come to an…

While a great deal of research is available to inform the definition of low literacy, its impact on local, state, national, and global levels, as well as commonalities that exist among those comprising this population, little is publicized about the perceptions held of this population by members of the general public. Yet, despite this identified…

We revisit the empirically observed positive correlation between DIF and difficulty studied by Freedle and commonly seen in tests of verbal proficiency when comparing populations of different mean latent proficiency levels. It is shown that a positive correlation between DIF and difficulty estimates is actually an expected result (absent any true…

In this essay, Kathy Hytten and Kurt Stemhagen explore the evasion of race, particularly implicit whiteness, in democratic theory. The authors maintain that democratic theorists, especially those who write about education, avoid discussions of race, often writing in universal terms about democracy while ignoring the ways that ostensibly democratic…

Previous work has shown that infants as young as 8 months of age can use certain features of the environment, such as the shape or color of visual stimuli, as cues to organize simple inputs into hierarchical rule structures, a robust form of reinforcement learning that supports generalization of prior learning to new contexts. However, especially…

This study examines whether unobserved factors substantially bias education evaluations that rely on the Conditional Independence Assumption. We add 14 new within-study comparisons to the literature, all from primary schools in England. Across these 14 studies, we generate 42 estimates of selection bias using a simple approach to observational…

For misguided reasons, social scientists have long been reluctant to use gain scores for estimating causal effects. This article develops graphical models and graph-based arguments to show that gain score methods are a viable strategy for identifying causal treatment effects in observational studies. The proposed graphical models reveal that gain…

Understanding which factors can impact rater judgments in assessments is important to ensure quality ratings. One such factor is whether prior performance information (PPI) about learners influences subsequent decision making. The information can be acquired directly, when the rater sees the same learner, or different learners over multiple…