Children in grades 1, 3, and 5 and college students were given a variety of judgment tasks contrasting the comparison of quantity with the comparison of proportions to determine whether the understanding of proportions develops before formal operations. Results indicated that the comprehension of abstract relations requires formal operations.…

Previous studies have found that an object can be categorized faster at a basic level (hammer) than at either a subordinate (club hammer) or a superordinate level (tool). While some attribute this result to basic categories having more distinctive attributes, other factors might cause this result. For example, basic categories routinely have…

Conducted to extend a series of earlier aptitude treatment interaction studies in the area of mathematics learning, this study was designed to determine if spatial and general reasoning abilities interact with instructional treatment. The aptitudes used included spatial and general reasoning ability. One hundred and twenty students enrolled in…

Information about individuals' representations of problems was obtained from studies on reasoning and problem categorization. College students (N=62) participated in a study of the transition from concrete to formal reasoning using the pendulum and chemical yellow tasks. Over a 10-12 week period, 47 students participated in 10 training sessions on…

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS IN "VOCATIONAL TALENT EXERCISES, PART C" (VT 004 460) ARE GIVEN. RELATED DOCUMENTS ARE VT 004 454 THROUGH VT 004 471. (EM)

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS IN "VOCATIONAL TALENT EXERCISES, PART D" (VT 004 462) ARE GIVEN. OTHER RELATED DOCUMENTS ARE VT 004 454 THROUGH VT 004 471. (EM)

THIS BOOKLET WAS DEVELOPED IN A CURRICULUM PROJECT, DESCRIBED IN VT 004 454, TO HELP YOUNG PEOPLE LEARN BASIC PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS OF MECHANICS AND TECHNOLOGY AND THUS RAISE THEIR TRAINABILITY LEVEL. IT IS FOR USE BY THE TEACHER WITH FOUR WORKBOOKS, "VOCATIONAL TALENT EXERCISES," PART A (VT 004 458), PART B (VT 004 459), PART C (VT…

Intelligence can be best understood through the study of nonentrenched, i.e., novel, kinds of tasks. Such tasks require subjects to use concepts or form strategies that differ in kind from those to which they are accustomed. The only partial success of the cognitive-correlates and cognitive-components approaches to intelligence that are in…

A discussion of the functions of human communication shows that underlying them is the cognitive process by which people have the ability to take the view of others, to internally represent reality, and to take into account knowledge and experience to choose future actions. These features of decentration and abstraction reveal the link between…

THE MOST DISABLING HANDICAP OF YOUNG CHILDREN FROM DEPRIVED SOCIOECONOMIC BACKGROUNDS IS THEIR DIFFICULTY IN USING LANGUAGE ABSTRACTLY. IN THIS STUDY, THEREFORE, IT WAS HYPOTHESIZED THAT IF AN EDUCATIONAL INTERVENTION PROGRAM WAS LIMITED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ABSTRACT LANGUAGE, THEN NOT ONLY LANGUAGE, BUT MANY OTHER ASPECTS OF THINKING WOULD BE…

An enormous gap exists between the number of professionally educated social workers that are needed and the number available; and further research is necessary to find the knowledge and skills needed for varying levels of social work. Professional education should be more intellectual and theoretical. By organizing it around the disciplines basic…

A study was designed to examine the relationship between certain measures of cognitive development and reading scores, particularly reading comprehension scores. Forty-one adult basic education students, ranging from 16 to 62 years of age (mean age of 25) and predominantly from lower socioeconomic groups, were administered the following three…

The designs, results, and conclusions of several related research studies which examine the role of student preferences in problem-solving strategies are summarized. Emphasis is upon the relationship between an individual's stated preference and his or her ability to implement this preference and successfully solve a related science task. Students…

A progress report of work done in formulating a theory of deductive reasoning is given. Models for the three main kinds of syllogisms that have been investigated by students of human reasoning (categorical, conditional, and linear) have been formulated and tested. The theory and data for each of the three kinds of syllogisms is summarized. Some…