Conscious purpose is at the foundation of education throughout the world. While this emphasis on achieving specific ends has produced technological progress, it has also brought about a world ecological crisis. Man's consciousness alone cannot comprehend and deal with the global ecosystem; his unconscious must also be developed. (Author/SJL)

Administered the Raven Progressive Matrices (RPM) to (N=408) individuals in 100 family groups. Scores on all five subtests were highest in the 18-26 age group, decreasing with age. Males scored higher on each subtest in each age group. Performance on the RPM increased with additional years of education. (Author)

The use of symbols in the play of young children during the preoperational period of cognitive development provides the foundation in representation that will be needed later when using higher abstract forms such as written words. (JN)

The author found that her first grade class of low achievers could and would answer higher-order questions when the questions concerned their favorite television shows and characters. Sample questions reflecting such thinking skills as classification, analogy, inference, and sequence are provided. (SJL)

An experiment was designed to find out whether there were any quantitative and qualitative differences in the spoken discourse of 'high' and 'low' ability 16-year-old pupils in discussions of problems arising from textual material. Cognitive, linguistic and quantitative analyses of the discourse were carried out. (Editor)

A dialectical schemata framework was used to interpret, code, and compare 27 interviews on the nature of education with freshmen, seniors and faculty members at a small, highly selective liberal arts college in order to provide a description of the organization of dialectical thinking and its presence in mature thought. (Author/DB)

The Ethical Reasoning Inventory (ERI) is an objective test derived from Kohlberg's Moral Judgment Interview. It correlated higher with Kohlberg , and has higher internal consistency than the Defining Issues Test and the Moral Judgment Scale. (CP)

Reported is a study involving six group administered tasks concerning proportional, probablistic, and correlational reasoning with 505 students aged 11.5 to 20.0 years. Investigated were the effectiveness of the tasks for assessing formal reasoning; categories of classification for students' responses and implications for teaching are suggested by…

Concepts that are directly related to teaching are learned as such by education majors and play an integral part in students' development into teachers. Further research using other student populations or in other areas of teacher education is needed. (Author/CJ)

Piaget's formal operational stage is related to the teaching of science by focusing on the development of paper and pencil tests for determining students' cognitive level of development and on procedures for helping concrete operational students improve achievement and become more formal in their thinking. (JMF)

Seventy fifth and sixth grade students were randomly assigned to one of two instructional groups. Instruction for both groups was implemented within similar high-level questioning environments. However, in one group the teacher elicited more high-level student responses per question posed than was the case in the second group. (Author)

Reports that complex abstractions may be easily acquired by persons of less than 75 IQ if the method of presentation of the abstractions ensures maximum visibility of relevant details. (FL)

Children in two studies were shown a sequence of pictorial paired associates for study. They were subsequently tested for their recognition memory of these items plus an additional four new items that could be recognized if the child engaged in a reasoning-by-exclusion strategy. (JMB)

To broaden and develop reasoning powers in students the teacher should encourage observation, critical questioning of hypotheses, evaluation of conclusions and how they are reached, and propose new avenues of approach to problems. (JD)

The author: (1) pinpoints the central core of values in education (i.e. normative reasoning); (2) outlines the special opportunities counselors have for engaging in values education; (3) points to inadequacies in several popular theories; and (4) describes a new program at the University of British Columbia in values education. (Author)