Drawing on behavioral and management science, this book points out the necessity for organizations to re-examine their objectives on behalf of their members, clients, and employees. Part One covers organizations as Socio-technical systems; Part two discusses organizations as people at work (motivation, personality, leadership, and work groups);…

A minimal class of cybernetic models needed in making the transition from a description of control systems to a description of social systems is discussed. Several applications are considered in connection with studies of learning and creativity in individuals and small groups. Possible extrapolations of these to social systems are suggested.…

The Syracuse University model educates teachers to confront change and initiate change responsibly in schools and communities. The model's 4 preservice years, composed of seven instructional units, focus on process goals. The first 2 1/2 years are devoted to liberal education with the aim of developing in the trainee new ways of perceiving,…

This experiment was designed to assess whether the expected and actual performance of black and white students on an academic task would be differentially affected by the race of the successful models observed. Since males and females might not be equally influenced by the modeling effects, separate analyses were planned for males and females of…

Computers can effectively promote learning, but only if they are used in ways which are consistent with the natural processes of learning. The analysis of several computer-assisted instructional (CAI) projects reveals that computer-related learning environments are most successful when they closely resemble the natural learning environment found…

A review is presented of the role of algorithms in learning and instruction. The paper first describes an algorithm as a procedure guaranteed to produce a correct result and lists its features as: 1) having a reasonably finite number of unambiguously defined operations; 2) having zero or more inputs from a specified domain; 3) having outputs with…

John B. Carroll's Model of School Learning is a paradigm which describes the degree of learning that takes place in school setting as a function of the time spent on a learning task divided by the time needed for its mastery. The components of opportunity and perseverance in Carroll's model have particular relevance to a form of school…

This experimental study has three aims: (1) to give a detailed description of imitative behavior as it develops during the first six months of life; (2) to compare imitative responses perceived through visual, kinesthetic and auditory modalities; and (3) to describe and explain the regulating mechanisms and processes present in the early…

Forty-eight special class educable mentally retarded (EMR) students, 9 to 12 years of age, from lower socioeconomic backgrounds were examined to determine effects of communication training and learning potential (LP) training on tasks in the Communication Test Battery (CTB) and on scores in the Raven Progressive Matrices (RPM). The Ss were…

The objective of this study is to estimate and analyze the relationship between learning inputs and student achievement. Emphasis is given to separating the impacts of school and non-school learning inputs. Student study time has a positive impact and time watching television a negative impact on learning practical skills such as arithmetic…

Reported are development, implementation and results of a 6 week summer training program in 1972 (funded through Title I) for 120 underachieving educable mentally handicapped children, 6 to 13 years of age, in St. Paul, Minnesota. Emphasized are learning processes and learning strategies in the daily instructional skills related to reading,…

Learner-controlled instruction (LCI provides a model for developing the self-directed learners modern society requires. LCI allows the student to specify goals, to control significant resources to attain them, and to choose learning strategies, thus enabling him to learn how to learn. It appears that the environment needed to support this model…

Presented is the final report on development of an aural study system which involved approximately 1000 visually handicapped elementary, secondary, and college students. Given is background information such as the relative effectiveness of reading and listening during study, and factors that affect listening comprehension such as learner…

A Piagetian analysis of social development focuses on the changes in children's social concepts and the social factors which facilitate these changes. Piaget's early analysis of children's language into a 3-stage transition from egocentrism to fully socialized speech led to more general study of social behavior. Observations of children playing at…

Funding of much creative effort to solve educational problems is riding on effective states needs assessment and, therefore, suggests a model for accountability as well as identification of cognitive and affective needs. Concepts for model constructs are several, including the learner's unique self-social system: the school and classroom with its…