Lord's Paradox occurs when a continuous covariate is statistically controlled for and the relationship between a continuous outcome and group status indicator changes in both magnitude and direction. This phenomenon poses a challenge to the notion of evidence-based policy, where data are supposed to be self-evident. We examined 50 effect size…

The R software provides packages and functions that provide data analysis in classical true score, generalizability theory, item response theory, and Rasch measurement theories. A brief list of notable articles in each measurement theory and the first measurement journals is followed by a list of R psychometric software packages. Each psychometric…

The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between basketball referees' performance scores gained during a season and their self-efficacy levels. The study was conducted in correlational design and the accessible sampling method was used for the sample selection. The sample of the study consisted of 64 Class-B referees (2% (n=3) were…

Average score change: How big is big? This paper discusses school-level changes in average ACT scores and highlights an interactive tool designed to facilitate score change comparisons.

Theories of discourse argue that comprehension depends on the coherence of the learner's mental representation. Our aim is to create a reliable automated representation to estimate readers' level of comprehension based on different productions, namely self-explanations and answers to open-ended questions. Previous work relied on Cohesion Network…

The COVID-19 pandemic forced higher education to develop new strategies to meet the needs of students. One of the most critical issues was delivering an online experience in undergraduate Biology laboratories aimed at meeting hands-on outcomes, specifically within the health sciences. Hybrid lab group models in which students rotated between…

Approaches to using devices in the classroom can be classified as learning "with" technology or learning "from" technology (Howland et al., 2011). Though the benefits of constructionist, learning "with" technology learning experiences has been discussed (e.g., Baytak & Land, 2011; Levinsen, 2008), few studies have…

Genetic and environmental factors account for variability in a range of developmental outcomes, including socioeconomic status (SES). The challenge is to find ways to incorporate genetic information based on studies using biologically related family members (i.e., studies not involving twins). To address this issue, we computed polygenic scores…

Do skills protect against exclusion in adult ages, and how important are the skills acquired before the age of 16 years versus those acquired later on? We match the scores on numeracy and literacy skills from the 2011 PIAAC for young adults backwards to grade point average (GPA) data from compulsory school education, measured at the age of 16…

We used a technique known as reach tracking to investigate how individual differences in working memory capacity (WMC) relate to the functioning of two processes proposed to underlie cognitive control: a threshold adjustment process that temporarily inhibits motor output in response to signals of conflict and a controlled selection process that…

Although symptoms of autism are present early in life and early diagnosis can lead to better outcomes, there is a dearth of validated caregiver-report interviews designed for children under the age of 3 years. We developed the Toddler Autism Symptom Inventory, a semi-structured interview designed to assess the presence and absence of skills and…

Background: Young children's mathematics abilities may be divided between symbolic and non-symbolic skills. Lower performance of SES disadvantaged versus advantaged children has already been established in symbolic math. Aim: This study aimed to verify the effect of children's SES category on non-symbolic mathematical (numerical) performance.…

The purpose of this paper is to confirm the factor structure, examine the invariance, and investigate the predictive validity using disciplinary data for 5262 high school students who completed the Early Identification System--Student Response (EIS-SR). The development and theory of the EIS-SR is discussed along with prior work. Building off of…

In this paper, we measure the contribution of an additional year of schooling on skills acquisition for a cohort of young adults in Madagascar. We estimate a value-added model of learning achievement that includes test scores measured at adolescence, thereby reducing the potential for omitted variable bias. We demonstrate that schooling increases…

Model fit indices are being increasingly recommended and used to select the number of factors in an exploratory factor analysis. Growing evidence suggests that the recommended cutoff values for common model fit indices are not appropriate for use in an exploratory factor analysis context. A particularly prominent problem in scale evaluation is the…