This article uses an examination of the formal instruction of the Bumbudye association in Zaire to point out problems that exist in anthropological writings concerning primitive and modern schooling in nonindustrial, non-Europeanized nations. (Author/EB)

Problems in grading and evaluating English compositions are discussed. Factors include methods of marking, reliability, prediction, characteristics of markers, and handwriting. The effect of time passage on evaluation criteria was determined by comparing essays written in 1922 with new ones written on the same topic (f=fiche number). (MH)

From a review of studies of the relationship between cultural experience and language development, it is evident that ways must be found to aid children from impoverished backgrounds to use their basic intelligence to operate in the verbally oriented tasks demanded in the academic domain. (Author/EB)

The author attacks not only the racism inherent in existing IQ tests, but the very concept of a standardized intelligence test, which, he asserts, lacks certain basic criteria of consistency and validity necessary to a scientific device. Part of a theme issue on intelligence. (SJL)

Examines the purposes of student evaluation and how they influence the daily life of the classroom. Discusses feedback to students and parents, minimum competencies, classroom observations, formal tests, and self-evaluation. (SS)

Answers such central questions as what information is, what relevance is, how one tells what a document is about, and what an information need is. These discussions lead to a description of an ideal information retrieval system. (Author/JD)

A scenario is presented that forecasts higher education as the United States' most important export in the future. Past changes in the American economy, the expansion of higher education since World War II, foreign student demand for American education, and American disadvantages in other production areas set the stage for this transformation.…

Marketing of higher education does not have to include gimmicks, and promotion is only one segment of such a program. Marketing means understanding the institution's strengths and weaknesses, determining the kinds of students it can best serve, and deciding where these students can be found. (Author/JMD)

The reliability of grades on tutor-marked assignments was studied as background for debate on changing examination and assessment policy at the Open University. Results indicate that essay questions present the greatest reliability problems. (JMF)

Argues that all instructors, regardless of field, share responsibility for improving students' writing skills. Advocates (1) establishing academic objectives for all students to meet by the end of their college career, (2) requiring essays and papers, rather than objective tests, and (3) requiring effective writing in every course. (DD)

This paper examines the social context of female deviant behavior. It is held that the fact that women deviate less than men and in privatized and self-destructive forms is consistent with the ideology of the female nature and with women's social position. (MC)

Discusses the future of chemical research in the 1980s and the important improvements that will probably occur, particularly in the chemical industry. (SA)

The author compares the position of a school head to the head of a complex organization, and discusses four sets of circumstances or factors which help to explain the special isolation and anxiety of the school head's job. He concludes with some suggestions to trustees which would make the principal's, or head's, job easier. (KC)

This study tested the influence of writing self-efficacy, writing apprehension, perceived usefulness of writing, and writing aptitude on 218 fifth graders' essay-writing performance. Students' beliefs about their abilities directly influenced apprehension, perceived usefulness, and performance, and partially mediated the effects of gender and…

The personal statement as an indicator of writing skill was evaluated by comparing personal statements with standardized essay measures of writing ability for 475 graduate students. Correlations of the essay and the personal statement with nontest indicators of writing skill indicate that the traditional essay was more highly related to nearly all…