Assessed were children's uses of effort and intentionality cues in judgments of morality and disposition. Children of 4, 7, and 10 years were presented with one prediction and four judgment stories. Judgment stories factorially combined two levels of intentionality and two levels of effort. These stories described different actors and the same…

This study examined age and sex differences in young children's skills in decoding nonverbal facial cues of emotional states. The purpose was threefold: (1) to determine whether older preschoolers were better decoders than younger preschoolers; (2) to see whether sex differences would be apparent throughout the preschool period or emerge only…

In general, people seem to be poor at noticing analogies, especially when they are required to apply an analogy to a domain that is new. It was suspected that schemas influence the noticing and applying of analogies. Schemas are hypothesized to be abstract propositional structures that emphasize relationships among categories of objects rather…

The automatic/controlled processing theory proposal that the modification of long term memory (LTM) occurs only during controlled processing, and that stimuli can be automatically processed with no resulting LTM effect was tested in two experiments. In the first experiment, subjects were shown words while performing tasks involving either…

Two experiments were conducted on the development of the ability to interpret bossy/dominant and nice/submissive nuances in requests. Syntactic directness, semantic softeners and aggravators, and tone were hypothesized to be cues for relative bossiness and niceness because these characteristics are varied predictably with listeners of different…

Two experiments compared concrete nouns and numbers as retrieval cues for paired associates across three recall tests with Ss given instructions to form unbiased mnemonics, mnemonics biased toward the noun, mnemonics biased toward the number, or control instructions. (Editor)

The current study was initated as an attempt to further inquiry, in which the child comes to perceive and make attributions to social others, by examining the developmental changes in the bases for such perception. (Author/RK)

Tulving's encoding specificity principle was examined in two experiments. The main comparison concerned the relationship between the retrieval cue or recognition context and input cue. (Editor)

Research supported by a Public Health Service Fellowship (5TL MH-6668-06) from the National Institute of Mental Health.

The effects of instructions for using advance organizers upon the learning and retention of new information were examined. The special instructions explained an organizer's function and directed students to use the advance organizer. An advance organizer treatment, an advance organizer with special instruction treatment, and a no advance organizer…

Four different methods for attending to a lecture were studied: listening, listening with an outline, note-taking, and note-taking with an outline. Each method was designed to influence the learner's level of processing and, therefore, to effect the encoding and retrieval of information from a lecture. In addition, the effects of no review or…

Misleading headings in documents, which make it hard for readers to find what they need, are common in many types of documents. A review of research on the importance of cues in the reading process suggests that heading miscues might seriously impair understanding. Three experiments were conducted to discover how headings cue or miscue adult…

Acquaintance rape has been found to occur with disturbing frequency in an adolescents' social world. Unlike stranger rape, acquaintance rape, particularly dating rape, takes place in the context of normal social activity. In 1978, 432 adolescents, ages 14-18, were interviewed in the Los Angeles area: half male, and half female, and one-third drawn…

The study was designed to determine whether inferences about implied elements are drawn during sentence comprehension. A cued recall procedure was employed. It was argued, for example, that if one computes the use of a hammer when "the worker pounded the nail" is encountered, that "hammer" should effectively cue the recall of the sentence; while a…

Two experiments were conducted to examine self-fulfilling expectancy influence in a simulated supervisor-worker interaction. The first experiment led supervisor subjects to expect either high or low compliance from their workers. All workers completed a set of five tasks twice, once when instructed to work fast and once when instructed to work…