The major goal of this study was to investigate first grade children's ability to use initial letter, middle letter, final letter and word configuration cues to recognize words in context. Subjects were forty-six children, 23 boys and 23 girls, from both first grade classes of a private school in suburban Philadelphia. Three letter words were…

Prospective remembering (remembering to carry out specific activities at some future time) was investigated in this study. This investigation focused on episodic prospective remembering (memory for actions performed either infrequently or on an irregular basis ) rahter than habitual prospective remembering (memory for actions routinely engaged…

This manual presents a system for categorizing stated esthetic responses to paintings. It is primarily a training manual for coders, but it may also be used for teaching reflective thinking skills and for evaluating programs of art education. The coding system contains 33 subdivisions of esthetic responses under three major categories: Cue…

A sequence of studies compared two types of discrimination formation: errorless learning and trial-and-error procedures. The subjects were three boys and five girls from a university preschool. The children performed the experimental tasks at a typical match-to-sample apparatus with one sample window above and four match (response) windows below.…

This study used five cueing systems composed of 16 cues each in combination with three topical areas to form cue-topic pairs which acted as stimulus items for the retrieval of naturally stored information. The five cue systems were composed of: randomly selected words, randomly selected nouns, the Wilson and Arnold system, a modification of the…

Gibb (1964) defined test-wiseness (TW) as the ability to respond advantageously to item clues in a multiple-choice setting and therefore to obtain credit without knowledge of the subject matter being tested. This study investigated TW in a sample of 6th grade pupils. A test instrument was developed utilizing fictitious material similar to the…

Two design strategies were tested on 69 elementary school children to investigate (1) the effect of using three types of pictorial supports to focus student attention on the important features of a concept or rule, and (2) the importance of specific pretraining instruction on using the pictorial to notice and label relevant rules and concepts.…

Two codes that provide access to the identity of an item in memory are the initial letter of its name and the name of a category to which it belongs. This research compares the characteristics of these two modes of access to the identity of a memory trace. (Author/RK)

Authors hypothesized client's self-perception of improvement in therapy is partially a function of situational cues in contrast to internal mechanisms. Undergraduate Ss (N=65) self-disclosed on a problem for 10 minutes and were then assigned to one of four "interpersonal cue" conditions, or to a "discharge cue" condition. (Author)

Student behavior measures were shown to be highly predictive of achievement, adding support to the notion that student behavior during instruction is strongly linked to student learning. (Author)

In the generative model of learning with understanding, reading comprehension occurs when readers actively construct meaning for text. On two experiments with 488 sixth graders, learning time was held constant across all treatments. The combination of inserted paragraph headings and instructions to generate sentences about paragraphs approximately…

Three experiments were designed to clarify the perplexing ability of subjects to discriminate between to-be-remembered (T BR) and to-be-forgotten (TBF) items in memory. Results implicate within-list retrieval of TBR items as a potent tagging or strengthening operation that provides a basis on which those items may later be discriminated from TBF…

Investigates the effects of combined learning cues (pretest and behavioral objectives) on the achievement levels of teachers in an inservice course. Subjects receiving the combined learning cues did not achieve at a significantly higher level than did those who did not receive the combined learning cues. (CP)

Test-anxious subjects (N=19) participated in an outcome study comparing systematic desensitization, cue-controlled relaxation, and no treatment. The treatment groups demonstrated significant improvement on the self-report measures of test and state anxiety but not on the behavioral indices. The potential advantages of this technique over…

Three studies involving groups of four- to five-year-old children examined whether the discriminative properties of prompts are critical for establishing a difficult (septagon, octagon) discrimination through time delay. Results confirm superiority of multiple-stimulus, distinctive-feature prompts, implying that stimulus dimensions of prompts are…