An explanation is given for the development of the Roman numeral system in terms of the smallest number of marks required to enumerate items. (RM)

This pamphlet is a guide for teachers who need to distinguish learning difficulties due either to a disability or to limited English proficiency. In narrative and charts, the pamphlet addresses the following topics: how children with limited English fit into the special education picture; how quickly a child typically learns a second language;…

Presented at "Translation 73," a conference on the present state of literary translation, Columbia University, March 30, 1973. (DD)

Presents a transformationally oriented analysis of the relative clause in English, Hindi, and Baghdad Arabic and points out differences in emphasis which must be observed when teaching the English restrictive relative clause to Hindi and Baghdad Arabic speakers. (FB)

Describes the difficulty in reading and writing Persian script which may contribute to illiteracy in Iran and notes the political and religious considerations which make change difficult. (MKM)

Describes the Arabic Language Teacher Training Program at the University of Michigan, and discusses upgrading the program to make it more comprehensive and flexible enough to meet the needs of both graduate students and secondary school and college teachers. The various degrees offered, requirements, and timeframes are provided. (GLR)

Investigates whether Arabic orthography differs from an alphabetic orthography regarding context effects among poor and skilled readers. Finds that skilled as well as poor readers significantly improved their reading accuracy when they read voweled and unvoweled words in context and that skilled readers significantly improved their reading voweled…

Investigated the sociolinguistic variable of apical palatalization in Cairene Arabic, focusing on the roles of gender and social class in the distribution of palatalization. As in a number of other speech communities, women in Cairo seem to have been the innovators of this sound change. (27 references) (MDM)

The assignment of primary stress to English words by a group of Arab speakers was studied by having the speakers pronounce both different types of words and validated nonsense words. Results indicate that newly concocted words may not be correctly pronounced by a significant number of subjects selected from the same populations. (18 references)…

Discusses the factors that led to the rise of the Arabic-Islamic libraries during the seventh through fourteenth centuries. The most famous libraries are identified, the management and organization of these libraries are described, and the factors behind the destruction of the Arabic-Islamic libraries are discussed. (30 references) (CLB)

Investigates how to improve the performance of an Arabic Information Retrieval System (Arabic-IRS) by imposing the retrieval method, Mixed Stemming, over individual words of a query depending on the importance of the word, the stem or the root of the query terms in the database. This method computes term importance using a Term Frequency and…

Addresses the issue of swearing, in the sense of oath taking, as a very frequent speech act in daily conversations in Jordan. A corpus of oaths exchanged by interlocutors in real-life contexts is analyzed. Shows that swearing exhibits an extensive amount of variation in form, usage, and function. (Author/VWL)

An analysis of non-Arabic words used in two Kuwaiti daily newspapers reveals that (1) the newspapers often use loan words instead of their Arabic equivalents to emphasize that they are discussing something European; (2) the number and frequency of loan words relating to objects of daily use are much greater than those of abstract and technical…

In a study extending and refining Carol Chomsky's research, 48 Arabic speaking children aged six, eight, and ten were tested for their comprehension of imperatives using the complement-requiring verbs Ask, Tell, and Promise. Clear support for children's overgeneralization of the minimal distance principle was found only with Promise constructions.…

The following articles on syntax and semantics were researched at the Harvard Syntax Workshop: (1) "Clause Reduction in Spanish," by Judith Aissen and David Perlmutter; (2) "Reduced WH-Questions," by Robin Bechhofer; (3) "Reduction in Conjoined WH-Questions," by Robin Bechhofer; (4) "On Subject-to-Object Raising…