Teachers' visual attention and its distribution across the students in classrooms can constitute important implications for student engagement, achievement, and professional teacher training. Despite that, inferring the information about where and which student teachers focus on is not trivial. Mobile eye tracking can provide vital help to solve…

Recent developments in the field of artificial intelligence allow for improved performance in the automated assessment of extended response items in mathematics, potentially allowing for the scoring of these items cheaply and at scale. This study details the grand prize-winning approach to developing large language models (LLMs) to automatically…

The development of large language models offers new possibilities for enhancing adaptive scaffolding of student learning in game-based learning environments. In this work, we present a novel framework for automatic plan generation that utilizes text-based representations of students' actions within a game-based learning environment, Crystal…

Programming demands a variety of cognitive skills, and mastering these competencies is essential for success in computer science education. The importance of formative feedback is well acknowledged in programming education, and thus, a diverse range of techniques has been proposed to generate and enhance formative feedback for programming…

Understanding students' multi-party epistemic and topic based-dialogue contributions, or how students present knowledge in group-based chat interactions during collaborative game-based learning, offers valuable insights into group dynamics and learning processes. However, manually annotating these contributions is labor-intensive and challenging.…

Data visualization is a powerful strategy for using graphics to represent data for effective communication and analysis. Unfortunately, creating effective data visualizations is a challenge for both novice and expert design users. The task often involves an iterative process of trial and error, which by its nature, is time-consuming. Designers…

Background: Sound learning design should be based on the constructive alignment of intended learning outcomes (LOs), teaching and learning activities and formative and summative assessment. Assessment validity strongly relies on its alignment with LOs. Valid and reliable formative assessment can be analysed as a predictor of students' academic…

Evaluating the quality of university exam papers is crucial for universities seeking institutional and program accreditation. Currently, exam papers are assessed manually, a process that can be tedious, lengthy, and in some cases, inconsistent. This is often due to the focus on assessing only the formal specifications of exam papers. This study…

Advances in computational language models increasingly enable adaptive support for self-regulated learning (SRL) in digital learning environments (DLEs; eg, via automated feedback). However, the accuracy of those models is a common concern for educational stakeholders (eg, policymakers, researchers, teachers and learners themselves). We compared…

Background and Context: Computational thinking (CT) has been increasingly added to K-12 curricula, prompting teachers to grade more and more CT artifacts. This has led to a rise in automated CT assessment tools. Objective: This study examines the scope and characteristics of publications that use machine learning (ML) approaches to assess…

Evaluation is an essential component of the learning process when discerning learning situations. Assessing natural language responses, like short answers, takes time and effort. Artificial intelligence and natural language processing advancements have led to more studies on automatically grading short answers. In this review, we systematically…

Increased automation transparency can improve the accuracy of automation use but can lead to increased bias towards agreeing with advice. Information about the automation's confidence in its advice may also increase the predictability of automation errors. We examined the effects of providing automation transparency, automation confidence…

When the new programming language Pascal was developed in the 1970's, Walter Gander did not like it because because many features which he appreciated in prior programming languages were missing in Pascal. For example the block structure was gone, there were no dynamical arrays, no functions or procedures were allowed as parameters of a procedure,…

Short-Answer Grading (SAG) is a time-consuming task for teachers that automated SAG models have long promised to make easier. However, there are three challenges for their broad-scale adoption: A technical challenge regarding the need for high-quality models, which is exacerbated for languages with fewer resources than English; a usability…

We consider the reference-based approach for Automatic Short Answer Grading (ASAG) that involves scoring a textual constructed student answer comparing to a teacher-provided reference answer. The reference answer does not cover the variety of student answers as it contains only specific examples of correct answers. Considering other language…