This document is an English-language (Approximately 1,500 words) of an Egyptian decree organizing the Ministry of Education. It spells out the duties of the Minister of Education and the bureaucratic hierarchy reporting to him, with a delineation of their respective responsibilities. The major administrative divisions are devoted to elementary…

Assesses Congress's role and development. Concludes that the Constitution's framers designed institutions well-matched to the Constitution's most fundamental purposes. If those purposes remain desirable, changes should be kept marginal. Some marginal changes are suggested. (PS)

Explains the relationship between politics, economics, and religion through the philosophies of Smith, Hobbes, and Locke. Maintains that the unamended Constitution is a reconciliation of politics, religion, and economics. Defends this claim by examining property rights and the Constitution's regard to means in pursuance of freedom and justice.…

Considers the influence of the Iroquois Great Law of Peace in American government and its possible influence on Russian government. Discusses history of Iroquois society and describes their form of representative democracy. Cites references to Iroquois government and law by Karl Marx, Frederick Engels, and Benjamin Franklin. (JHZ)

Professional educators have gained an upper hand in policy making while at the same time enjoying substantial insulation from public opinion and accountability. (MM)

French public affairs at the local level are managed by a complex, stable system of groups and institutions. Interorganizational relations are regulated by a complex, and more or less organized, system rather than by an interorganizational network. (Author/IRT)

Although it was not directly named in the U.S. Constitution, federalism is a central principle of U.S. government. It is important for students to learn about federalism to comprehend the U.S. federal system and recognize examples of federalism in other countries. Teaching and learning about federalism is essential to education for citizenship in…

Examines four simulation games used in higher education to teach the role of elections in promoting governmental responsibility, the effects of imperfect accountability on governmental policy, and ways to make governments more accountable. These games simulate interest group lobbying, political party formation, bureaucratic policy making, and…

Establishing constitutional government involves not simply the creation of a written document that purports to create the political structure of a nation and guarantee rights to its people, but "constitutionalism" in the sense of meaningful and effective adherence to constitutional norms of democratic organization and the protection of…

This guide is designed for those who participate in North Dakota's Close Up program, a program that provides the state's young people with the opportunity to experience government firsthand in an innovative and participatory setting. The state's 1991 legislative program offers a broad range of activities for student participants, including:…

This guide presents learning objectives, background information, activities, vocabulary, and word-search puzzles on local government and politics for junior high and high school. Although it is intended for use in New York schools, much of the material should be adaptable to any state. Topics covered are: (1) types and functions of government; (2)…

India, a huge land with the second largest population in the world, socially and economically poor, and culturally and linguistically diverse, became the largest democracy in the world on November 26, 1949 with the adoption of the Indian Constitution. The goals of that constitution are: (1) the achievement of national unity and stability; (2) the…

Article III of the U.S. Constitution called for a federal judiciary that would dispense and administer justice in accordance with the principles on which the United States was founded. There was considerable ambivalence among the Founding Fathers as to what was the appropriate role for the judiciary, an ambivalence that has continued to the…

Federalism is conducive to two important elements of the political process: competition and the search for compromise. This is a reason for the prosperity and political stability of the Federal Republic of Germany. Many citizens can involve themselves in the political life of the nation, whether at the federal or state level. With its area of…

Changing political, social, economic, and intellectual conditions over the past two hundred years have demanded innovation and adjustment of legal doctrine, thus giving the United States Constitution a character which the framers of the document could not have predicted. Historically, one must not only understand developments since 1787 but also…