The various costs of Type I and Type II errors of inference from data are discussed. Six methods for minimizing each error type are presented, which may be employed even after data collection for Type I and which minimizes Type II errors by a study design and analytical means combination. (Author/CM)

Reviews studies on the effectiveness of programs that train teachers for school discipline and analyzes methodological weaknesses of such studies. Examines 27 training programs in order to identify strategies taught to teachers to improve school discipline and suggests approaches for further research. (MJL)

Recent empirical evidence for the influence of examiner's race on examinee's performance on intelligence tests is reviewed. The current literature, 1966 through 1980, offers little support for the hypothesis that examiner's race has a systematic effect on examinee's performance on intelligence tests. Conceptual and methodological issues are…

Reviews substantive and research methodology in counseling psychology considered in greatest need of study. In fifteen articles discusses critical research issues in process research, career counseling, consultation, program evaluation, and qualitative methods. Reaction papers to each major area are also presented. (JAC)

By the early 1960s, organization development had emerged largely from the applied behavioral sciences and had three major stems: the invention of the T-group and innovations in the application of laboratory training insights to complex organizations; the invention of survey feedback technology; and the emergence of action research. (Author/RC)

To understand the dynamics of development trends, it is necessary to examine not only enrollment or transition rates but also the absolute numbers that constitute the bases for these rates. The problem is illustrated using current Swedish data on enrollment and transition rates in higher education for men and women. (Author/BRR)

Questions the results of an earlier study that found that accommodating instructional style to disadvantaged students' interaction patterns increases the students' achievement-related behavior. (AEA)

A pilot study of undergraduate institutions that tests the value of the reputational rating approach, which uses subjective questionnaires, is described. It is suggested that there is no substantial evidence that quantification of subjective opinions is inferior to quantification of objective indicators when national assessments are conducted.…

Walter D. Edmunds created convincing characters of the Iroquois without pretending to know them. Carl Carmer was less interested in digging for the truth about Indians than in writing a story. Edmund Wilson perceived the Iroquois world view intuitively in his writing, overcoming any obstacle to get at the truth. (Author/LC)

A propositional analysis of the female performance literature concludes that methodological problems may be contributing to invalid conclusions concerning female performance, and efforts to improve performance. It is concluded that organizational initiates designed to aid women have not been significant. (Author)

Reports three methodological problems found in evaluating five risk reduction projects in Florida. Found that activities aimed at producing positive self-awareness and exposure to rewarding nondrug activities taught with a mixture of didactic and discussion methods and exercises are best. (Author/JAC)

Examines material in the ERIC system related to research in the area of effective teaching behaviors. Suggests that the nature of early studies to this effect is responsible for the minimal impact of this research on classroom practices. (HTH)

The impact of an academic progress policy implemented at Cleveland State University is reviewed and evaluated with a focus on: the methodology used in identifying students affected by the academic progress policy; student characteristics; possible misuse of Title IV funds; and benefits and future of the policy. (MLW)

Examines the methodology of three case studies investigating the linkage between higher education and the world of work in the Sudan, Zambia, and Tanzania. Summarizes 12 main findings. Suggests the studies remain traditional human resources planning efforts. (NEC)

Argues that research for teacher use would be more effective if it were: (1) of the form referred to as naturalistic case studies and (2) oriented toward discovering cognitive and social interaction mechanisms underlying the learning processes in classrooms. (Author/SK)