This topic is examined by posing three questions: (1) "Why should a foreign-language teacher teach grammar?" (2) "If he should teach grammar, why English grammar?" (3) "If he has to teach English grammar, why didn't his students' English teacher teach them English grammar?" The answers consider the role of the teacher in general, the instructive…

A curriculum unit was developed to teach apprentice teachers the theories underlying the teaching-learning process and their relationship to classroom application. The university supervising teacher, subject area specialists, and the cooperating classroom teacher would work with the apprentice teacher as she learned specific techniques of teaching…

Rhetoric, reasoning, and reflection are discussed as the tools which enable a reader to distend the experience of reading to its greatest limits. Rhetoric is interpreted as the facility which allows the reader to understand both the necessary "how" and "what" of an author's work. Eleven cognitive processes used in written material are defined and…

The first part of this paper is a general introduction which defines programmed instruction, traces the history of the concept, and explains its basic ideas and terminology. Progress and problems in research and in evaluating programmed materials are also briefly considered, and a short selective bibliography is included in this first section. The…

The three papers presented in this publication examine in depth the thought and practices that currently prevail in the specialized areas of reading and concept attainment. Two of the papers deal with concept learning and the transformation of this knowledge into instructional guidelines. The third paper considers the importance o f concept…

This paper discusses Piaget's constructivist theory of logico-mathematical knowledge, the development of knowledge in children, and implications for preschool activities. The theory that a child cannot understand anything she or he has not constructed is advanced. Contrasts between Piaget's theory and the theories of Gibson and Luria are described…

Modern educators and playground designers are increasingly recognizing that play is a part, perhaps the decisive part, of the entire learning process. Theories of playground equipment design, planning the playground, financial considerations, and equipment suggestions are featured in this review. Examples of playgrounds include innovative…

Thirty-six prospective elementary education teachers were randomly assigned to three instructional moves: a characterization-exemplification with declarative statements (CED), a characterization-exemplification with interrogative statements (CEI), and an exemplification (E). The purposes of the study were to: (1) examine the efforts of the three…

People sometimes forget a name or a word, and are plagued by the feeling that the sought-for word is somewhere in memory but not immediately available. The frequent description of this tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon as subthreshold memory traces is challenged by data showing that TOT genesis and TOT recovery are distinct processes. In a verbal…

This module on applying learning theory to vocational education is one of a set of three on curriculum design in vocational education and is part of a larger series of thirty-four modules constituting a core curriculum intended for use in the professional preparation of vocational educators in the areas of agricultural, business, home economics,…

Until the rise of cognitive psychology, models of the teaching-learning process (TLP) stressed external rather than internal variables. Models remained general descriptions until control theory introduced explicit system analyses. Cybernetic models emphasize feedback and adaptivity but give little attention to creativity. Research on artificial…

This yearbook contains a report from the president of the Australian Society of Educational Technology and five articles: Theory and Practice in Educational Technology; The Use of Learning Theory in Teaching; Designing Visual Messages; Educational Technology--A Bibliography of Reference Material; and Planning and Evaluating the Use of Audio-Visual…

This thesis reports a study of the effects of two types of advance organizer instruction, expository (EO) and guided self-discovery (GSDO), in teaching hierarchical classification or relations to preschool children. In the study, four experimental and one control group received three 25 minute instructional sessions. Using the same materials,…

This publication reviews the state-of-the-art of competency-based education (CBE) and discusses alternative methods for the development of CBE programs in public school systems. It begins with a discussion of the possible influences of various learning theories on the structure and content of competency-based systems. It then focuses in turn on…

This report presents the results of research undertaken to determine the individual learning styles of teacher trainees and to better understand the development of teacher competency, particularly as it relates to teacher trainee learning styles. The research was conducted over a nine-month period in the context of the regular Teachers College…