A bibliography of published work on computer-assisted language learning (CALL) includes, in addition to work specifically concerning CALL, selected titles from related areas. These include: (1) artificial intelligence, particularly in recent developments toward "intelligent" computer assisted instruction (CAI) and CALL; (2) audio and video…

Using such ethnographic techniques as interviews, classroom observations, and videotape recordings, a study explored the impact of two kindergarten teachers' theoretical orientations to literacy (whole language versus mechanics/skills) on children's developing concepts of writing. Data analysis revealed that children in a communication/whole…

Skills needed by college reading specialists are discussed, based on a review of the literature. Training begins at the undergraduate level, with a scholarly academic foundation, rather than with an abundance of methods and materials courses. Knowledge of the theoretical base of both the reading and the learning process is stressed, with…

A psychometric model called Saltus, which represents the qualitative aspects of hierarchical development in a form applicable to additive measurement, was applied. Both Piaget's theory of cognitive development and Gagne's theory of learning hierarchies were used to establish the common features of hierarchical development: (1) gappiness--the…

Suggestions for designing instructional practice activities, based on prominent instructional theories, are reviewed, and this is followed by a synthesis, in the form of a set of prescriptions for designing practice for various types of learning outcomes. The review of theories includes behaviorism and George Gropper's instructional model; Gagne…

Organized in three sections, this report presents the first case study from a project aimed at developing prototypes of ideal textbook chapters. The report (1) discusses the Ideal Text Project, in which a number of researchers in instructional science have been challenged to design a textbook chapter that incorporates the design features they…

Psychological research has identified a number of cognitive processes and language abilities that are involved in the development of reading skills. This paper examines the ways in which research findings relate to current curriculum practices in such areas as learning letters and sounds; developing auditory perception skills; word recognition;…

This paper reviews the role of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in children's learning. The paper contends that two types of learning exist: self-initiated learning which is intrinsically motivated, and learning initiated by another person which involves external rewards. The paper suggests that motivation is not unidimensional and that task…

A sorting-recall procedure was used to examine the relationship between study and recall organization in reflective and impulsive children at the first and fourth grade levels. Data regarding sorting latencies per trial and the number of trials required to achieve stable sorts were provided by two indirect measures of the deliberateness and ease…

This research described the classroom implementation of a supplemental activities-based mathematics project designed for low-achieving students. The research describes the development of applied ethnographic methods for observing and describing the way programs are implemented using curriculum specialists, or resource teachers, to help teachers in…

A 4-year project, Conceptions of Reading, was established to provide information about how teachers use reading theories and models and other conceptions as they plan and carry out reading instruction. The nature of the methodology dictated that the over-all goal of the project be to characterize how teachers think about reading and their reading…

Recent discoveries about the whole brain seem to call for a holistic approach to learning, one in which educators would teach the whole person, including physical and emotional states as well as cognitive abilities. Three holistic techniques are particularly relevant to education: (1) biofeedback; (2) yoga; and (3) the Lozanov method. Biofeedback…

Characteristics of DART (Didactic Augmented Recursive Transition), an ATN-based system for writing intelligent computer assisted instruction (ICAI) programs that is available on the PLATO system are described. DART allows writing programs in an ATN dialect, compiling them in machine code for the PLATO system, and executing them as if the original…

The participation in certain classroom processes by students of high and low mathematics confidence who scored above the mean in mathematics achievement was studied over 2 years. The processes selected were: (1) specified types of teacher-pupil interactions, and (2) student engaged time in high or low cognitive level mathematical activities,…

This experiment tested the hypothesis that combining operational strategies with free verbalization facilitates development of competencies, percepts of self-efficacy, and interest in arithmetic activities. Children lacking division skills received treatments in which they either verbalized division strategies, verbalized freely, did both, or did…