A mixture of dough, using pancake flour, is used to represent the molten state of the earth billions of years ago. A simple experiment is designed to demonstrate that the earth's internal forces result from its unequal heating and cooling. Procedures are given to test this model with four theoretical hypotheses. (DF)

Presents a list of 52 earth science concepts in order of their ranking by a panel of earth scientists asked to judge importance for inclusion in the school curriculum. (AL)

Evaluates three softback manuals for teachers (K-6)

Describes a field project and associated activities used by the author with high school students in analyzing the Osage-type underfit stream. (PR)

Presents the results and conclusions of a survey of (1) the course offerings in the earth sciences and geography of 100 colleges, and (2) the certification requirements of geography teachers in the 50 states. A study of college freshmen revealed widespread ignorance of geographic concepts. The authors stress the need for better teacher education…

Financial feasibility, available technology, and community attitudes suggest the appropriateness of a pilot-test waste recycling project to educate the citizenry. (CP)

There were no significant differences in achievement between students using an earth science laboratory block with or without teacher direction. (AL)