Describes a classroom problem of probability as follows: How many people do you need in a group to ensure that the probability of at least two of them having the same birthday is greater than one-half? Answer: 23. The probability principles needed are simple enough to be accessible to advanced high school students. (PVD)

Describes how three experiments suitable for upper-elementary students can be used to foster classroom discourse in which students begin to explore probability. (KHR)

Explores different types of Bingo games in which students can work on mental arithmetic, solve equations, and recognize geometric shapes. (KHR)

Process Analysis is described as a method for identifying and measuring the probability of events that could cause the failure of a program, resulting in a cause-and-effect tree structure of events. The method is illustrated through the evaluation of a pilot instructional program at an elementary school. (SLD)

Discusses a commonly held misconception that in the throwing of two dice, if a total of seven does not come up for a period of time then its appearance is imminent. Describes an experiment to disprove the misconception and includes a discussion of the theory that frames the results. (DDR)

Discussion of relevance feedback in information retrieval focuses on a proposal for the Bayesian Network Retrieval Model. Bases the proposal on the propagation of partial evidences in the Bayesian network, representing new information obtained from the user's relevance judgments to compute the posterior relevance probabilities of the documents…

Explains the critical role of probability in making sense of quantum physics and addresses the difficulties science and engineering undergraduates experience in helping students build a model of how to think about probability in physical systems. (Contains 17 references.) (Author/YDS)

Describes an activity designed to demonstrate the birthday paradox and introduce students to real-world applications of Monte Carlo-type simulation techniques. Includes a sample TI-83 program and graphical analysis of the birthday problem function. (KHR)

Features a mathematics lesson or experiment that models probability using attribute sets and is evolved from reading literature to students. (KHR)

Describes a lesson plan in which students apply their mathematical intuition to determine win-loss possibilities of teams in a sports league and develop a formula for calculating the magic number for clinching first place. (YDS)

Presents an activity in which students gather and analyze data involving the compatibility of human blood types. Uses student surveys, Venn diagrams, and random numbers. Includes activity sheets. (Author/NB)

Draws on recent events in Major League Baseball to illustrate the relationship between experimental and theoretical probability. (Author)

Describes probability games and tasks to help students educate their primitive intuitions connected with the concept of "fairness" in the outcomes of compound events. (YDS)

Describes a series of activities using attribute blocks designed to help construct knowledge about and develop conceptual understanding of probability. (KHR)

Two studies assessed 90 elementary school students' attention to the total number of alternative and target outcomes when making probability estimates. All age groups attended to variations in the denominator and numerator and the interaction between these variables. (RJC)