Extensive reading (ER) has been implemented in various second language (L2) teaching and learning contexts, and studies in the field have provided a wealth of empirical evidence that a large amount of L2 reading over an extended time improves students' reading ability and benefits other areas of language learning (Nakanishi 2015; Jeon and Day…

This study is designed to explore the role of second language (L2) English learners' working memory (WM), language proficiency, and age in the processing and comprehension of English anaphoric sentences. To this end, 40 EFL learners participated in the study. The proficiency levels of the participants varied from elementary to high-intermediate,…

The present study was motivated to introduce a new concept named "language learner immunity". In doing so, we defined the concept of immunity in the language learning context by paralleling the biological tendency of humans to be immune to the immune system of language learners. The psychological aspects of this study relied heavily on…

This study examined the use of reading strategies amongst Saudi EFL university students, exploring which strategies are perceived to be the most frequently used. Additionally, this study also aimed to explore gender differences in Saudi EFL university students' adoption of reading strategies. The total number of the participants in this study was…

Recent development in L2 pragmatics research in a study abroad context has witnessed an emerging line of studies investigating the joint influences of contextual and individual learner factors on second language (L2) pragmatic development. This paper argues for the replication of two representative quantitative studies in this new research…

Various aspects of second language learning such as motivation, social contexts, personality, learning styles or learning strategies should be taken into consideration when it comes to teaching and learning a new language. in this respect, one of the most overlooked factors is a language learning strategy. Language learners should be aware of…

This study explores undergraduate college students' difficulties in translating English and Arabic plurals. Results of an English and Arabic plural translation test showed that cases where Arabic plurals match those of English in English were translated correctly. However, the students had difficulty translating the following: (i) Arabic plurals…

The present study examined the impact of pedagogical intervention on students' request performance during short-term study abroad (SA). Prior to departure, students received explicit instruction about requests. During their time abroad, they were given tasks to strategically develop their pragmatic competence. Requests were assessed with a…

There are a large number of factors contributing to the reading outcome diversity. Individual differences in cognition are possibly regarded as one of the most significant causes and have a predominated impact on the reading development. Individual differences, like meta-cognition and working memory, are found to have a positive correlation with…

It is argued that positive yet realistic beliefs are source of success as language learners whereas negative or unrealistic beliefs can be an impediment to successful language learning. This empirical survey identifies Saudi English as a foreign language (EFL) learners' beliefs through Beliefs About Language Learning Inventory (BALLI) developed by…

Hindi graphs, called akshara, are difficult to learn because of their visual complexity and large set of graphs. Akshara containing multiple consonants (complex akshara) are particularly difficult. In Hindi, complex akshara are formed by fusing individual consonantal graphs. Some complex akshara look similar to their component parts (transparent),…

Most studies on the perception-production link have assumed a synchronous relationship according to which gains in perception transfer to production rapidly and efficiently. However, time-lagged and asymptotic relationships are also possible, where perception would guide production at a later stage or production would improve only once perception…

This study examined Chinese university learners' anxiety in German language classrooms in at-home and study-abroad contexts. About 138 learners from a university in Beijing (at-home context) and 91 learners from a university in Germany (study-abroad (SA) context) participated in the present study. The participants answered a Background Information…

This study used eye-tracking to examine changes in how second language (L2) learners process target grammatical exemplars in written L2 input in implicit and explicit instructional conditions and how these changes relate to learning gains. In three separate sessions, 77 L2 learners of English read a story containing seven examples of a grammatical…

Eta-squared (?[superscript 2]) and partial eta-squared (?[subscript p][superscript 2]) are effect sizes that express the amount of variance accounted for by one or more independent variables. These indices are generally used in conjunction with ANOVA, the most commonly used statistical test in second language (L2) research (Plonsky, 2013).…