The 2022 Nuclear Posture Review emphasizes the importance of supporting the professional development of service members working in and supporting the nuclear field. Additionally, the Department of Defense (DOD) has recently shifted from a topics-based approach to an outcomes-based approach to monitor and assess student learning for key topics covered in Joint Professional Military Education (JPME) curricula, including nuclear deterrence. For this report, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) reviewed JPME programs' curricula and conducted a web-based survey of the education institutions that manage the 23 intermediate- and senior-level JPME programs. GAO also reviewed policy, guidance, and other documents, and interviewed cognizant officials. GAO is making three recommendations to DOD, including update guidance to explicitly define nuclear deterrence and thereby enhance JPME curricula, and set a specific time frame for full implementation of outcomes-based military education. DOD partially concurred with the three recommendations. GAO continues to believe that these recommendations are warranted, as stated in the report.