This article describes low-cost well plates that can be used as alternative kits for microscale experiments. Although ordinary well plates are useful and convenient for microscale experiments, they are not cheap. We have developed well plates composed of plastic bottle caps with approximately 3cm diameter and cardboard containers. Plastic bottle…

This article highlights some of the challenges in explaining simple substituent effects on keto-enol equilibria, particularly to an undergraduate audience. Quantum-chemical calculations were performed to identify the role of intramolecular hydrogen bonding, inductive effects due to electron-withdrawing groups, and cross-conjugation on the…

Brewing science is an interdisciplinary course taught at many universities in both lecture- and lab-based modalities. The laboratory component of this class typically focuses on the brewing process from malted barley to beer. However, this ignores the malting process--an essential step in making beer, although one typically performed by maltsters…

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is commonly introduced to students in the classroom, but its hands-on use in undergraduate laboratories is far less common. The significant costs to purchase and maintain a traditional high-field NMR spectrometer means that many institutions cannot offer this service to their students. Benchtop NMR…

Basis vectors e[subscript alpha] play a useful role in special and general relativity. In particular they allow an expansion of the vectorial spacetime interval dl along infinitesimal curvilinear coordinate differences dl = e[subscript alpha]d[Xi][superscript alpha]: (thus the definition e[subscript alpha] = dl/d[Xi][superscript alpha]). In this…

Raman spectroscopy has become a popular analytical tool because of its ability to probe nondestructively and provide fingerprint information about materials. The advancements in the field of Raman spectroscopy and the expanding scope of applications warrant the introduction of the topic in the formal education curriculum. The introduction of Raman…

With the enormous reliance on plastics in the world today, bisphenol A, an additive used in the synthesis of many plastics, such as polycarbonate, has been found almost everywhere in our environment including in soil, in natural waters, and inside organisms including humans. A multidisciplinary experiment is presented that involves using flatworms…

As the size of a nanoparticle is reduced, the fraction of surface atoms increases. It is interesting to note that various chemical and physical properties depend on the fraction of surface atoms. One of the most obvious questions that arise is how could one possibly estimate the fraction of surface atoms in a nanoparticle? Herein, we discuss…

Background: Many students solving quantitative problems in science struggle to apply mathematical instruction they have received to novel problems. The few students who succeed often draw on both their mathematical understanding of the equation and their scientific understanding of the phenomenon. Understanding the sensemaking opportunities…

The atom is science's biggest idea! And now it is known that even children from 4 years of age can grasp it, creating science education's biggest worldwide opportunity. Dr. Jenny Donovan and Dr. Carole Haeusler of the University of Southern Queensland conducted multiple studies to show that primary-age children, mostly aged 7-9 years in their…

Frozen peas and carrots are commonly available in grocery stores in the United States. The carrots are cut into cubes roughly 8 mm on a side, while the peas are roughly spherical with a diameter of about 6 mm. They are prepared together in water that is brought to a boil. The peas and carrots, which are initially mixed together, separate as the…

The study of the electromagnetic spectrum, how light interacts with matter, and optical instruments such as lenses, mirrors, and gratings are important concepts in the Advanced Placement (AP) physics and introductory undergraduate physics and astronomy courses. The production, control, and analysis of light helps scientists to learn about the…

White light refracted by a glass edge or a prism might be split into the colors of the rainbow but, when restricted by a suitable arrangement of edges, might also yield a sequence of colors complementary to the rainbow. We studied the creation of these color fields experimentally with a setup consisting of RGB light-emitting diodes that cover all…

Calculating the duration of a motion when the applied net force on the moving body changes with time is usually a challenging task. In most cases, the only example of the duration of a motion when the acceleration is not constant presented to introductory physics students worldwide is the example of harmonic motion. A discussion with respect to…

In the vicinity of a critical point, the impact of a substance's chemical identity is superseded by universal critical behavior for a number of physical properties, such as visible light scattering. In this classroom demonstration, students observe a single-phase critical mixture of partially miscible isobutyric acid + water (IAW) as the…