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Steindorf, Lena; Pink, Sebastian; Rummel, Jan; Smallwood, Jonathan – Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 2023
We investigated whether increased perceptual processing difficulty during reading or listening to a Sherlock Holmes novella impacts mind wandering as well as text comprehension. We presented 175 participants with a novella in either a visual or an auditory presentation format and probed their thoughts and motivational states from time to time…
Descriptors: Attention Control, Reading Comprehension, Cognitive Processes, Difficulty Level
Ölmez, Ibrahim Burak – Mathematics Education Research Journal, 2023
This study aimed at investigating how preservice teachers' understandings of division and reasoning about ratios support and constrain their formation of proportional relationships in terms of quantities. Six preservice teachers from a middle-grade preparation program in the USA were selected purposefully based on their mathematics performance in…
Descriptors: Preservice Teachers, Knowledge Level, Division, Mathematical Concepts
Zaki Zadeh Ghariehali, Mohammad – ProQuest LLC, 2023
Cognition is the mental process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience and senses. Based on Embodied Cognition theory, physical activities are an important manifestation of cognitive functions. As a result, they can be employed to both assess and train cognitive skills. In order to assess various cognitive measures,…
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, Physical Activities, Difficulty Level, Executive Function
Imundo, Megan; McEldoon, Katherine – Pearson, 2023
Pearson's Learning Foundations describe the optimal conditions for learning and reflect the learner experience Pearson hopes their products will create. Pearson does this by incorporating the Learning Design Principles. Each of the Learning Design Principles goes into detail about a key principle, supporting product design and marketing by…
Descriptors: Difficulty Level, Scaffolding (Teaching Technique), Research and Development, Theory Practice Relationship
Gyamfi, Abraham; Acquaye, Rosemary – Acta Educationis Generalis, 2023
Introduction: Item response theory (IRT) has received much attention in validation of assessment instrument because it allows the estimation of students' ability from any set of the items. Item response theory allows the difficulty and discrimination levels of each item on the test to be estimated. In the framework of IRT, item characteristics are…
Descriptors: Item Response Theory, Models, Test Items, Difficulty Level
Ruf, Alessia; Zahn, Carmen; Roos, Anna-Lena; Opwis, Klaus – Educational Technology Research and Development, 2023
Videos are an increasingly popular medium for supporting learning in various educational settings. Nowadays, newly designed video-based environments contain enhanced tools that allow for specific interactions with video materials (such as adding annotations and hyperlinks) which may well support generative learning and conceptual understanding.…
Descriptors: Educational Technology, Video Technology, Learning Processes, Concept Formation
Kam, Chester Chun Seng – Educational and Psychological Measurement, 2023
When constructing measurement scales, regular and reversed items are often used (e.g., "I am satisfied with my job"/"I am not satisfied with my job"). Some methodologists recommend excluding reversed items because they are more difficult to understand and therefore engender a second, artificial factor distinct from the…
Descriptors: Test Items, Difficulty Level, Test Construction, Construct Validity
Roger Anthony White – ProQuest LLC, 2023
The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to describe the experiences of history doctoral candidates at Liefrig University with technology and information overload. The theory guiding this study was Sweller's cognitive load theory, as it explains the characteristics of the information received using technology and the effect of…
Descriptors: History Instruction, Doctoral Students, Cognitive Processes, Difficulty Level
Nawaz, Sadia; Srivastava, Namrata; Yu, Ji Hyun; Khan, Anam Ahmad; Kennedy, Gregor; Bailey, James; Baker, Ryan Shaun – International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 2022
Task difficulty (TD) reflects students' subjective judgement on the complexity of a task. We examine the TDs data of 236 undergraduate students in a simulation-based "Predict-Observe-Explain (POE)" environment using three different labels "easy," "medium" and "hard." Generally, the students who perceive the…
Descriptors: Difficulty Level, Undergraduate Students, Simulated Environment, Student Behavior
Pelánek, Radek; Effenberger, Tomáš; Cechák, Jaroslav – International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 2022
Complexity and difficulty are two closely related but distinct concepts. These concepts are important in the development of intelligent learning systems, e.g., for sequencing items, student modeling, or content management. We show how to use complexity and difficulty measures in the development of learning systems and provide guidance on how to…
Descriptors: Difficulty Level, Intelligent Tutoring Systems, Measurement Techniques, Computer System Design
Nedungadi, Sachin; Rinco Michels, Olga; Kreke, Patricia J.; Raker, Jeffrey R.; Murphy, Kristen L. – Journal of Chemical Education, 2022
Practice examinations developed at the ACS Examinations Institute ask students to self-report mental effort when answering items. This self-reported mental effort together with performance can be represented in the form of a cognitive efficiency graph for each student giving information on the utilization of cognitive resources and content…
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, Science Tests, Test Items, Difficulty Level
Liang, Garston; Sloane, Jennifer F.; Donkin, Christopher; Newell, Ben R. – Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 2022
In three experiments, we sought to understand when and why people use an algorithm decision aid. Distinct from recent approaches, we explicitly enumerate the algorithm's accuracy while also providing summary feedback and training that allowed participants to assess their own skills. Our results highlight that such direct performance comparisons…
Descriptors: Decision Support Systems, Accuracy, Difficulty Level, Feedback (Response)
Barbrook-Johnson, Pete; Carrick, Jayne – International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 2022
Research methods with roots in complexity science are increasingly popular in social research. However, they are not widespread and have potential to deliver value more fully and consistently to social research and methodology. One reason for this is that methods are often used alone, or only with traditional social research methods. We attempt to…
Descriptors: Social Science Research, Research Methodology, Difficulty Level, Simulation
Sweeney, Sandra M.; Sinharay, Sandip; Johnson, Matthew S.; Steinhauer, Eric W. – Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 2022
The focus of this paper is on the empirical relationship between item difficulty and item discrimination. Two studies--an empirical investigation and a simulation study--were conducted to examine the association between item difficulty and item discrimination under classical test theory and item response theory (IRT), and the effects of the…
Descriptors: Correlation, Item Response Theory, Item Analysis, Difficulty Level
Gerrits, Lasse; Pagliarin, Sofia – International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 2021
Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) is said to be a method that can be used to uncover social complexity. However, this complexity is often 'missing in action' in actual empirical applications of the method. We aim to rearticulate the properties of social and causal complexity in their relationship to QCA. We first discuss the reasons why this…
Descriptors: Qualitative Research, Comparative Analysis, Difficulty Level, Realism