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van Duuren, Esther; Nieto Escamez, Francisco A.; Joosten, Ruud N. J. M. A.; Visser, Rein; Mulder, Antonius B.; Pennartz, Cyriel M. A. – Learning & Memory, 2007
The orbitofrontal cortex (OBFc) has been suggested to code the motivational value of environmental stimuli and to use this information for the flexible guidance of goal-directed behavior. To examine whether information regarding reward prediction is quantitatively represented in the rat OBFc, neural activity was recorded during an olfactory…
Descriptors: Stimuli, Rewards, Coding, Knowledge Representation
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Simon, Jennifer L.; Morris, Edward K.; Smith, Nathaniel G. – Behavior Analyst, 2007
We examined women's participation, relative to men's, at the annual meetings of the Association for Behavior Analysis (ABA) between 1975 and 2005. Among our findings are upward trends in female presenters across formats (e.g., posters), types of authorship (e.g., first authors), and specialty areas (e.g., autism). Where women have attained…
Descriptors: Females, Trend Analysis, Womens Studies, Professional Associations
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Solaz-Portoles, Joan Josep; Lopez, Vicent Sanjose – Asia-Pacific Forum on Science Learning and Teaching, 2007
In this paper we focus on some of the findings of the science education research community in the area of representations and problem solving. Problem solving depends on the construction and manipulation of mental models (internal representations) in the mind. A large knowledge base (declarative, procedural, strategic, situational, and schematic…
Descriptors: Learning Strategies, Problem Solving, Metacognition, Short Term Memory
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Hmelo-Silver, Cindy E.; Marathe, Surabhi; Liu, Lei – Journal of the Learning Sciences, 2007
Understanding complex systems is fundamental to understanding science. The complexity of such systems makes them very difficult to understand because they are composed of multiple interrelated levels that interact in dynamic ways. The goal of this study was to understand how experts and novices differed in their understanding of two complex…
Descriptors: Ecology, Anatomy, Physiology, Knowledge Representation
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Kleinert, Harold L.; Browder, Diane M.; Towles-Reeves, Elizabeth A. – Review of Educational Research, 2009
This article addresses the application of the assessment triangle developed by the National Research Council (Pellegrino, Chudowsky, & Glaser, 2001), most specifically the cognition vertex of that triangle, to the unique learning characteristics of students with significant cognitive disabilities in developing and demonstrating academic…
Descriptors: Student Evaluation, Federal Legislation, Educational Assessment, Disabilities
Burton, Craig L.; Schwen, Thomas M. – Performance Improvement Quarterly, 2003
The theory of "ba" or "space" offers a prescription for fostering the conversion of particular kinds of knowledge (tacit-to-explicit, tacit-to-tacit, etc.). Three corporate groups were observed as they collaborated to develop instructional, Web-based stories intended to capture their tacit organizational understandings. A…
Descriptors: Comparative Analysis, Corporations, Knowledge Level, Knowledge Representation
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Miller, Roxanne Greitz; Calfee, Robert C. – Science and Children, 2004
In order to make a dramatic change in the way teachers approach science writing, the authors found it necessary to address both science instruction as a whole and the use of writing during various stages. To guide them in this endeavor and communicate a concrete idea of an ideal foundation for highly effective science writing to teachers, the…
Descriptors: Knowledge Representation, Science Instruction, Writing (Composition), Models
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Najjar, Mehdi – International Journal of Distance Education Technologies, 2008
Despite a growing development of virtual laboratories which use the advantages of multimedia and Internet for distance education, learning by means of such tutorial tools would be more effective if they were specifically tailored to each student needs. The virtual teaching process would be well adapted if an artificial tutor can identify the…
Descriptors: Scaffolding (Teaching Technique), Virtual Classrooms, Prompting, Teaching Methods
Young, Michael James – 1998
This report shows how lattice theory can be used to develop quantitative measures of selected characteristics of knowledge structure representations and how these measures can be used to assess individual person's knowledge structure representations in a classroom setting. For a given set of concepts, a knowledge structure can be described by the…
Descriptors: Change, Cognitive Structures, Knowledge Representation, Measurement Techniques
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Smith, Karan B. – School Science and Mathematics, 1997
Presents activities to demonstrate that current technology allows readily accessible representations in algebraic, numeric, and geometric forms. Argues that integrating these different representations into the curriculum helps students to think more critically about systems. Discusses problem solving using multiple representations, equivalent…
Descriptors: Critical Thinking, Educational Technology, Knowledge Representation, Problem Solving
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Hammrich, Penny L.; Blouch, Kathleen K. – American Biology Teacher, 1998
Recommends the use of an instructional strategy that is ideal for examining students' conceptions of the nature of science. Defines cooperative controversy as a situation in which one person's ideas, information, conclusions, theories, or opinions are incompatible with those of another. (DDR)
Descriptors: Concept Formation, Epistemology, Higher Education, Knowledge Representation
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Merrill, M. David – Instructional Science, 1998
Describes ID Expert, an intelligent computer-based multimedia interactive instructional development and delivery system. Topics include instructional transactions with built-in instructional design; knowledge bases and knowledge representation; automated instructional design; and similarities to GTE (Generic Tutoring Environment). (Author/LRW)
Descriptors: Automation, Instructional Design, Intelligent Tutoring Systems, Knowledge Representation
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Chi, Michelene T. H. – Journal of the Learning Sciences, 2005
This article offers a plausible domain-general explanation for why some concepts of processes are resistant to instructional remediation although other, apparently similar concepts are more easily understood. The explanation assumes that processes may differ in ontological ways: that some processes (such as the apparent flow in diffusion of dye in…
Descriptors: Misconceptions, Scientific Principles, Scientific Concepts, Science Education
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Ramscar, Michael – Cognitive Psychology, 2002
How do we produce the past tenses of verbs? For the last 20 years this question has been the focal domain for conflicting theories of language, knowledge representation, and cognitive processing. On one side of the debate have been similarity-based or single-route approaches that propose that all past tenses are formed simply through phonological…
Descriptors: Semantics, Language Processing, Semiotics, Grammar
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Venables, Anne; Tan, Grace – Journal of Information Technology Education, 2007
Genetic algorithms (GAs) are a problem solving strategy that uses stochastic search. Since their introduction (Holland, 1975), GAs have proven to be particularly useful for solving problems that are "intractable" using classical methods. The language of genetic algorithms (GAs) is heavily laced with biological metaphors from evolutionary…
Descriptors: Feedback (Response), Constructivism (Learning), Genetics, Knowledge Representation
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