Sometime before their second birthday, many children have a period of rapid expressive vocabulary growth called the vocabulary spurt. Theories of the underlying mechanisms differ: Accumulator models emphasize the accumulation of experience with words over time to yield a spurtlike pattern, while cognitive models attribute the spurt to cognitive…

Shifting demographics in K-12 schools have increased Spanish-speaking Multi-Language Learners' (MLLs') enrollment across the United States. While literacy variations between MLLs and proficient English speakers have been studied predominantly with upper elementary students, there remains a need for more exploration among early elementary…

The research aimed at identifying approaches for building a bilingual individual through written an academic text, using five text types for achieving this goal. The analysis of text types used in this study were glossed, bilingual, dictionary assisted text, authentic, task-based text that reveals valuable insights into their effectiveness and…

This study explored the instructional potential of bilingual picturebooks for building word consciousness in bilingual elementary students. Word consciousness refers to knowledge about words as well as interest in and enthusiasm for learning new words. This disposition helps students build their vocabularies and learn more words from talk and…

In this study, we examine preschool storybook apps to identify the types of characters represented in these stories and how they relate to design quality and opportunities for children to build their vocabularies -- a significant predictor of later success in learning to read. Specifically, we sought to understand (a) how storybook apps portray…

Language assessment is a central aspect not only of language education in the general population, but also amongst heterogeneous, low-incidence populations. One such population are immigrant deaf and hard-of-hearing learners (IDML) who are bimodal-multilingual and whose languages development often includes the spoken, written, and/or signed…

Virtual reality (VR) presents an innovative and powerful approach to foreign language teaching, offering immersive and interactive environments that support vocabulary acquisition in engaging and meaningful ways. This study investigates the potential of VR using the self-developed application GermanVR, specifically designed to enhance vocabulary…

Reading comprehension is necessary among pupils as it is the foundational skills for the overall academic success of elementary learners, particularly Grade 4 pupils. It is the ability to understand and engage with text passages which is critical for a lifelong learning and a foundation for education. Nonetheless, many pupils are struggling with…

Morphological knowledge is a complex construct integral to vocabulary breadth and reading comprehension. To understand its complexity, researchers examine its dimensionality. First, this study contributes to this broad topic by investigating whether morphological awareness and affix knowledge, related concepts with a long history of investigation…

Vocabulary instruction is an important part of second language education. Research on vocabulary instruction points out the value and effectiveness of explicit instruction. Explicit vocabulary instruction should be dynamic and use a range of strategies to be most successful. Considering the importance of vocabulary instruction in second language…

Learners of Japanese as a second language (JSL) find it difficult to learn various sentence patterns. To assist JSL learners with their study of Japanese sentence patterns (JSPs), this paper constructs a human-machine collaborative framework that combines artificial intelligence (AI) techniques with the users' active participation for Japanese…

A wide variety of gamification tools are available for language learning; however, few studies have explored the impact of Flippity-Connecto (hereafter referred to as Connecto) on learners' cognitive and affective processes. Connecto, a game similar to Tic-Tac-Toe, was designed to assist students in learning English as a foreign language (EFL).…

This study investigates the development and implementation of a big data-driven English ecological classroom teaching model, aiming to reform university English instruction in alignment with contemporary technological advancements. The conventional teaching framework, often limited to textbooks and in-class activities, has been shown to…

This study investigates the effectiveness of translation-based learning in enhancing vocabulary retention, comprehension, and learner confidence across different proficiency levels among English language learners. While the use of translation in language learning has been debated, research on its impact at varying proficiency levels remains…

Game-based applications and strategies are effective solutions to contemporary challenges in English language learning. Kahoot is an online platform that assists learning in an untraditional but effective way. This probe examines whether the use of Kahoot in a Saudi English language classroom can boost the vocabulary acquisition of the…