This paper addresses the issue of how learning in classrooms takes place. The effects of different curriculum and different teaching methods in knowledge acquisition is examined, both as main effects and in interaction with student attitudes. The role of the teacher in communicating the knowledge to be acquired is described. Teachers are viewed as…

The paper describes the basic features and techniques of a specific kind of discussion group, the Grouptalk. Grouptalk, especially useful in the elementary grades, is a formal discussion of a question by a small group and a leader. Participants follow the specific rules that all contribute relevantly to the discussion and that all help in the…

A computer model of memory (based on input, retrieval, and reaction time) was applied to the rapid processing of simple arithmetic facts (addition, subtraction, and multiplication) by 18 educable retarded adolescents when compared with 18 nonretarded fourth graders (of equal mental age) and 18 normal adolescents. Results for addition indicated…

A brief review of the history of cognitive style research and a summary of definitions and terminology used by investigators in the area are presented. Most of the research on cognitive style has been motivated by work from three major groups: Witkin and associates; Holzman, Gardner, and associates; and Kagan and associates. Various definitions of…

This study investigates the role of labeling in developmental increases in picture recall. In two experiments, the memory for pictorial paired-associates of first graders or second graders, fourth graders and adults was evaluated by means of a study-test cued recall procedure. In Experiment 1, the stimulus presentation duration (on-time) and the…

This guide is designed to help elementary classroom teachers develop the knowledge and skills necessary to bring process skills to the classroom. The text is presented in two parts. The first part covers the basic science skills which are intended for grades K-3. The basic skills are observing, inferring, measuring, communicating, classifying and…

The third of four documents reviews research on assessment in three domains (receptive language skills, expressive language skills, and perceptual and cognitive processes) as the most likely to predict subsequent language development of young children who have yet to speak their first word. Section II focuses on assessment of hearing sensitivity…

The concept of general education, its specific goals, and its role in the college curriculum are discussed. The goals of general education appear to center around teaching students to think analytically and to synthesize ideas into a general understanding. It is suggested, however, that these objectives tend to get lost in the specifics of…

On the basis of the grammatical theory developed by Noam Chomsky, it is reasonable to presume that the different parts of a sentence may not all be understood with equal facility and speed. One purpose of this study was to determine whether some of the grammatical relations within a sentence were understood more readily than others. Sentences of…

The Perry Preschool Project assessed longitudinal effects of a 2-year program consisting of a daily 3-hour cognitively oriented nursery, a weekly 90-minute home visit, and less frequent group meetings of the pupils' parents. Subjects consisted of 3- and 4-year-old Negro disadvantaged and functionally retarded children, whose pretest scores on the…

Reported is a study designed to evaluate differences in cognitive processes related to science among (1) college bound high school students who had studied both physics and chemistry, (2) college bound students who had not studied either subject, and (3) non-college bound students who had not studied either subject. The test used to assess the…

THIS STUDY SOUGHT (1) TO CLARIFY THE TERM "LANGUAGE APTITUDE," (2) TO BETTER DEFINE ITS RELATIONSHIP TO INTELLIGENCE, AND (3) TO DETERMINE THE ROLE OF SOCIOECONOMIC LEVEL IN THIS RELATIONSHIP. SUBJECTS WERE SIXTH-GRADE PUBLIC SCHOOL STUDENTS, 93 OF WHOM WERE MIDDLE CLASS AND 39 LOWER CLASS. SOCIAL CLASS WAS DETERMINED BY THE OTIS DUDLEY…

In a study on cognitive style, reflectivity-impulsivity in response to task uncertainty was investigaged. At 44 months of age, 23 boys and 25 girls were tested on a matching-figures test. Correlations were made between number of errors, response time, intelligence, and sex. Results indicated that there were significant sex differences in preschool…

The research concerned the association of neutral objects, such as nonsense syllables, with rewards, such as money and candy, in children. Thirty-six subjects were obtained from grades two through six of local public elementary schools in Nashville, Tennessee. Associations between neutral objects and rewards were formed in a task concerning…

Carefully designed questions for classroom discussions can guide students in making judgments and understanding the processes of logical thought. Effective questioning, however, depends on the teacher's awareness of the forms and classifications of inquiries. Any question is made up of two parts: the process stimulus (which indicates the process…