When learning about scientific phenomena, students are expected to "mechanistically" explain how underlying interactions produce the observable phenomenon and "conceptually" connect the observed phenomenon to canonical scientific knowledge. This paper investigates how the integration of the complementary processes of designing…

Which behavioral and visual information do teachers rely on when judging relevant characteristics of their students and which cues should they rely on? Drawing on Brunswik's Lens Model (Perception and the representative design of psychological experiments, University of California Press, 1956. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520350519), we…

Conversational skills, which are essential for effective social interactions and typically pose difficulties for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), include abilities such as initiating topics, engaging in back-and-forth dialog, and responding to conversational cues. Chatbots have been used in mental health fields, and the development…

Scoring mathematics exam papers accurately is vital for fostering students' engagement and interest in the subject. Incorrect scoring practices can erode motivation and lead to the development of false self-confidence. Therefore, the implementation of appropriate scoring methods is essential for the success of mathematics education. This study…

Eye movement patterns and consistency during face recognition are both associated with recognition performance. We examined whether they reflect different mechanisms through EEG decoding. Eighty-four participants performed an old-new face recognition task with eye movement pattern and consistency quantified using eye movement analysis with hidden…

Purpose: The most common cause of death in Turkey is attributed to vascular diseases, including stroke. Dysphagia stands out as one of the prevalent and life-threatening complications that often follow a stroke. Within the Turkish context, the availability of validated bedside screening tests for assessing dysphagia remains limited. The primary…

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the effects of sentence context, accent strength, and second language (L2) listening proficiency on word recognition accuracy and transcription time among Chinese learners of English for Pakistani-accented English. Method: Speech stimuli included 48 isolated words and 48 highly constraining sentences, each…

Teacher learning in asynchronous online professional development (PD) is often measured by self-reported instruments, despite uncertainties regarding teachers' accuracy in their self-assessment of learning. This study explored whether teachers' self-reported "gains" in content knowledge for teaching aligned with those measured by direct…

This study explored the impact of oxidation-reduction reaction problem difficulty on university students' cognitive load using event-related potentials (ERPs). Forty-eight balanced low and high difficulty problems were designed. Fifteen undergraduate students majoring in chemistry (8 females and 7 males) participated in the study. Results…

AI tutors are promised to expand access to personalized learning, improving student achievement and addressing disparities in resources available to students across socioeconomic contexts. The rapid development and introduction of AI tutors raises fundamental questions of epistemic trust in education. What criteria should guide students' critical…

International large-scale assessments provide cross-national data on students' cognitive and non-cognitive characteristics. A critical methodological issue that often arises in comparing data from cross-national studies is ensuring measurement invariance, indicating that the construct under investigation is the same across the compared groups.…

Learning analytics (LA) provides insight into student performance and progress, allowing for targeted interventions and support to improve the student learning experience. Uses of LA are diverse, including measuring student engagement, retention, progression, student well-being and curriculum development. This article provides perspectives on the…

Item compromise has long posed challenges in educational measurement, jeopardizing both test validity and test security of continuous tests. Detecting compromised items is therefore crucial to address this concern. The present literature on compromised item detection reveals two notable gaps: First, the majority of existing methods are based upon…

This study investigated the relationships between metalinguistic skills, including phonological, orthographic, and morphological awareness, and Hangul-word spelling in Korean first through third graders, encompassing both deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) children and children with typical hearing (TH). The participants comprised 24 children with…

In response to calls for an assessment tool that provides a separate performance dimension from the linguistic quality-oriented measures of complexity, accuracy, and fluency (CAF) and guided by systemic functional linguistic (SFL) theories, this study introduces a set of fine-grained objective measures of communication/content/function…