Cheating in the classroom appears to be widespread at all levels of American education. This research review examines: (1) characteristics of cheaters, (2) situational factors influencing the student's decision to cheat or not to cheat, and (3) reasons for cheating, as reported by students. (Author/GDC)

This study of seating patterns in a middle school shows that race is an extremely important grouping criterion even for children who have chosen to attend a desegregated school. Sex was found to be an even stronger grouping criterion. (Author/AM)

The author presents a synthesized typology of leader behavior. The behavior typology is built on the dimensions of task orientation, relationship orientation, and leader effectiveness. There are eight resulting leader types: more effective-high relationship orientation-high task orientation to less effective-low relationship orientation-low task…

This article synthesizes research findings that establish the relationship between teacher expectancy effect and the social evils of poverty and prejudice. (Author/AM)

Recent research indicates that early right brain hemisphere specialization for spatial tasks may be due to sex differences. Early specialization has been demonstrated in males asked to perform spatial tasks. An apparently longer period of female brain plasticity may explain why males have a higher incidence of developmental language problems. (MA)

Results suggest that adults may not be able to discover-invent-produce the learning that is necessary to behave more effectively; that they may be unaware of this possibility; and that if they try to get help from well intentioned others, it will tend to make things worse. (Author/AM)

Sex-role change is examined in terms of three models which focus on the relationship between norm and behavior in the process of change. (Author/AM)

The study focused on the effect of an experienced group leader on subrole behavior of eighth-grade students (N=26) participating in group counseling sessions. Results indicated skilled leaders maintain group focus as evidenced by larger number of growth subrole behaviors and fewer incidences of nongrowth subrole behavior in leader-led groups.…

Cohabitating college couples (N=89) responded to a questionnaire pertaining to their current sexual relationships and individual sexual behavior patterns, historical and present. Results indicate that those individuals, especially the males, had been unusually precocious in their sexual development. (Author)

Non-task-oriented activities that take place in a therapy group are conceived of as processes geared towards establishing and reassuring safety. The authors take an existentialist Langian approach to safety and discuss the notion that necessarily unresolved perceptions of ontological insecurity act upon members as individuals and as a group. (NG)

This study sought to explore the pattern of self-disclosure in parent discussion groups. Subjects were 16 parents. Patterns of self-disclosure to occur contiguously, suggesting that reciprocity in self-disclosure is a general phenomenon operating in a variety of group settings. (NG)

Vroom's expectancy theory model to predict older worker's choices between employment or retirement hypothesized that a person's preference would be a function of differences between instrumentality of employment and retirement for attainment of outcomes, multiplied by the valence of each outcome, summed over outcomes. Results supported the…

Two methods of assessing co-curricular needs of college students were investigated. Results revealed substantial differences exist between the percentage of students who indicated a campus service was important to them in meeting a personal need and the percentage of students who actually intended to use the service in question. (Author)

This paper suggests that in a simple economy, sex roles will be clearly defined, separating men's work from women's work, while in a society with a more complex division of labor, specializations will be created which will be filled by both men and women. (Author)