The rules and concepts of basic moral reasoning can be taught without difficulty to quite young children; but educating them to prefer to use these rules is another matter. Kohlberg's stages are not likely to be stages of cognitive reasoning, but indication of the reasoning encouraged by the child's environment. (Author/SJL)

Variables affecting long-term retention are examined: (1) learner history--including ability, prior knowledge and self-confidence; (2) events (teaching techniques) occurring immediately before reading; (3) events occurring during reading; and (4) events in the retention interval, particularly practice effects. The ACT associationist model is used…

Argues that mutual trust and understanding between teacher and learner are essential to a beneficial learning experience. What students learn depends on their interpretation of the experience, and attempts to control learning result in undesirable side effects. Congruity of external and internal evaluations is a significant consideration…

Research on the application of descriptions of student learning to normal methods of studying is discussed, and a study is reported that examines student learning in actual working situations. It is concluded that learning styles and strategies apply to students in particular situations rather than to individual students per se. (Author/JMD)

Traces changes in curriculums from conception to application by examining an educational program of the Volkswagen Foundation for Kindergarten and Basic School. (CK)

Recent research on representations of knowledge and styles of learning carried out by Pask and his colleagues is summarized and discussed in relation to earlier work. The claims made for the wide applicability of conversation theory to learning and teaching in schools and higher education are considered. (Author)

Reviews research on trait interaction and suggests using this research as the basis of individualized instruction. Further suggests that teachers add to the literature by testing the interaction of traits in their own classrooms. (TJ)

Freshmen education students assume that their experience-based familiarity with learning processes is sufficient, but a naive and naturalistic theory of approach to the subject of education is necessary in order to fully understand both the scope and the internal mechanisms of the field. (LH)

Cognitive Flexibility (availability in the individual's repertoire of various strategies and ability to select those most effective to the required task) is suggested as an important individual-difference variable. Some methodological problems in the assessment of cognitive flexibility as related to human memory are discussed. (Editor/SJL)

An adult learner of Spanish presents a diary outlining the process of learning Spanish during her five-week program in South America. (AM)

First graders were taught to read words either in printed sentence contexts or printed singly on flash cards. Post-test scores indicated that context-trained children learned more about the semantic identities of printed words, while flash card-trained children could read the words faster and learned more about orthographic forms. (JMB)

The results of experiments conducted with college-age subjects point to analogy and generalization as the most likely mechanisms for transferring spelling/sound correspondences in the absence of knowledge of the existence of the correspondences. (GT)

Two successive recall tasks and eight ability measures were presented to women of five age groups to investigate the changing relation between performance and ability measures at various stages of the learning process during adulthood. (MS)

Cites study which shows that children use three clearly defined spelling strategies regardless of the type of instruction and that children approach high frequency and low frequency words differently. Subjects were 46 first-graders, 57 second-graders, 51 third-graders, and 43 fourth-graders enrolled in various Michigan schools. (BF/JH)

Defining students' different styles of learning and their study patterns enables a teacher to guide them into using their own methods effectively; this is particularly important in teaching inner-city students. (JD)