A sample of 208 students from grades ten through twelve were randomly assigned to one of four groups in a study of the effects of multiple-choice, fill-in-the-blank, and constructed modes of response to embedded questions on the learner's ability to answer application-type questions. The three experimental groups received five instructional…

In this study, which involved 87 freshman English students at Brigham Young University, the variety of practice items and the strategy of Practice (convergent or divergent) were systematically varied, in order to assess their effects on a rule-finding task. The task was presented in an expository fashion, using both rules and practice, and in a…

This document briefly critiques some of the basic theories upon which art education studies are often based, summarizes the research generalizations that may be made at this time, and reviews pertinent experiments that hold promise for future research. The Haptic-Visual Theory of Perceptual Development (Lowenfeld, 1957), the Differentiation Theory…

Matching a teaching method with a learner's style of learning is suggested as a most efficient way of creating an opportunity for a learning experience. Over 80 teaching strategies or models have been identified and categorized into four groups by educational theorists. The first group is identified as "social interaction models"; these emphasize…

It sometimes happens that one is unable to recall a word or name that he feels he knows very well. This state of frustrated recall is referred to as a tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) experience. Two experiments were devised to compare the ability of a weak trace and a decoding-failure model to predict the conditions under which TOT reports would be most…

Research studies have demonstrated that children tend to define nouns by describing first their function and later the object to which they refer. In a study devised to trace the development of noun definition in the language of grade school children and adults, 20 subjects from each of four grade levels (kindergarten and grades two, four, and…

Background music has significant implications for the teaching-learning process in special education. Unobtrusive or background music is a powerful medium which can accentuate, maintain or attentuate overt behaviors in response to conscious sensory stimuli, and special educators could use music as a tool to increase the effectiveness and…

Several different issues in the temporal coding of words were subjected to experimental analysis. Two experiments evaluated three response measures (recency judgments, position judgments, lag judgments) used to index temporal coding. Lag judgments were found to be of little use; subjects could make valid position and recency judgments without…

Eighty-seven students took part in a study (using three experimental conditions) of the effect of question generation, question answering, and rereading on an immediate posttest and on a delayed test of knowledge of a text passage. In condition G, subjects generated multiple-choice questions that would test knowledge of each of the six content…

This paper contains six essays concerning the relationship between teacher education and the learning process. The first discusses various teacher training strategies at the university/college level and in inservice workshops. The second states that teachers should be freed from classroom chores to spend more time on curriculum development and…

The method of organization in free recall in the form of either clustering or subjective organization is explored in this study. This is just one of the possible forms of retrieval that may be employed. Other possibilities include serial recall, alphabetization, and imagery. To the extent that subjects employ such other strategies, correlations…

This paper is a draft for the American Psychological Association Symposium on the conditioning of verbal behavior and attitudes. The author presents the results of several studies he conducted in the classical conditioning of meaning and attitude. These studies attempt to control the measurement effects created by extraneous variables operating on…

Three philosophic positions underlying the process of education -- to know, to do, and to be -- are considered as complementary rather than conflicting goals in this discussion of what the process of learning and teaching should ideally involve. "The Parable of a Literate Farmer" is the vehicle for describing the learning and teaching process. The…

This study investigated the effects of prior experience with contingent or noncontingent stimulation of infants' ability to learn different responses to control perceptual stimulation. In the pretest phase, baseline rates of level movement, panel press and vocal responding were determined for each of the twelve, 6-month-old infants in the study.…

Cognitive style mapping enables adult basic education (ABE) teachers to more readily identify a student's cognitive styles, or preferred way of acquiring information, as well as the specific areas where improvement is needed. The procedure prescribes techniques and resources for enhancing both academic skills and interpersonal relationships. The…