Student-athletes have unique challenges as they confront pressures to perform both athletically and academically. The authors present a systems approach that will enhance the conceptualization skills that counselors need to intervene more effectively with college student-athletes as well as address counselors' own stereotypes and biases about…

A continuous improvement approach to upgrading nurses' administration of sedatives and analgesics included (1) data collection from charts, shift reports, rounds, and bedside examinations; (2) identification of clinical issues and needs; and (3) design of interventions using on teaching moments, competency-based modules, and instruction during…

Discusses how and why older persons with developmental disabilities have emerged as special category. Discussion makes reference to social systems theory, reviews social systems theory, and presents basic systemic tenets. Uses these tenets to examine historical development of social gerontology and present trends in service delivery system.…

Total Quality Management is a system for creating organizationwide participation in planning and implementing a continuous improvement process exceeding customer expectations. It is built on the assumption that 90 percent of problems are a result of process, not employees. Implementation at Oregon State University has nine phases. (MSE)

Discusses learning systems and learning difficulties, and describes the use of a simulation to help professionals better understand people with learning difficulties. The General Systems Theory and a systems approach are discussed, the role of debriefing is considered, and theoretical perspectives on the development of learning disabilities are…

Presents a formal approach to information systems development and outlines the components of a structured systems development methodology. The various stages of the methodology are then reviewed in light of experiences gained in three consultancy projects in developing countries. (Author/CLB)

Ordering principles, hierarchy, taxonomy, emergence, and decomposable systems are discussed. Examples of hierarchies are included. (CW)

Argues that there are severe and insurmountable problems in attempting to maintain a systemic perspective in family therapy. Advocates decentering family therapy to a more peripheral space within social network perspective. (Author/NB)

Considers the increasing involvement of counselors as consultants to effect organizational change. Presents a case example to demonstrate how Egan's systems model, "Model A," can be applied effectively for both the development of a consultation relationship and for organizational change. (JPS)

Discusses the article by Lewis in this issue in the context of complex systems theory. Reviews several concepts of complex systems theory, including self-organization, entropy, phase transitions, stochastic processes, nonlinearity, and attractors. Notes that Lewis highlights the need for psychological models to treat nonlinear processes, chaotic…

Examines the emergence of "third wave" school restructuring from the fields of educational technology, instructional design, and systems theory. Argues that its core principles--social functionalism, efficiency and productivity, individualism, and expertism--will likely reinforce existing practices instead of substantively transforming…

Applies systems design to educational reform through three strategies: transcending the existing system, envisioning the kind of education that will create a desired society, and transforming rather than reforming education to bring the vision to life. (SK)

Using criteria to determine whether a discipline is a science, the author defines andragogy as a technological discipline that applies principles discovered by the sciences of adult education--educational psychology, sociology, economics, and anthropology. He suggests that andragogy could become the general science of adult education by studying…

Key issues in evaluating the effectiveness of research organizations are examined, and the following approaches for evaluation are explored: (1) the goal-attainment approach, (2) the strategic constituency approach, (3) a systems approach, and (4) a competing values framework. (SLD)

This issue's special section on canalization of behavioral development is introduced. In the special section, an invited paper by Gilbert Gottlieb, adopts a systems approach that stresses the complex interaction of genes, behavior, and environment. Several comments on the Gottlieb paper are also included. (BC)