This report describes a field study of the relationship between instructional time and student achievement in nine grade-two classrooms. Amounts of time allocated to reading and to instructional settings are described for a 40-day instructional period. Student "engaged time" was also measured for a 10-day period. Relationships between…

This study was designed to investigate male and female interest in babies at middle childhood and adolescence. A total of 64 middle class subjects (half 8- to 9-years-olds, half 14- to 15-year-olds) were observed individually in a 6-minute waiting room situation with an unfamiliar 6- to 10-month-old baby and mother (confederate). While the subject…

A responsive educational evaluation is oriented more to program activities than to program intents, and stresses learning about the needs of the evaluation's audience, so that these value perspectives can be noted in reporting the successes and failures of the program. Most evaluation plans are more preordinate, emphasizing: (1) statements of…

The training manual provides self-instructional materials for the Oral Reading Observation System (OROS) designed to teach accurate coding of teacher/pupil verbal interactions during oral reading instruction. The nine sections focus on specific aspects of the OROS system, include self-evaluation exercises, and have the following titles: (1)…

This study charts the development of social interchange patterns (reciprocity) between familiar peers and adults from written and videotaped observations of 72 children at ages 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, and 42 months. Two additional groups of eight children were observed over a 12-month interval in a parallel longitudinal design. Measures included…

A study involving 16 preschool students was conducted to determine whether severely handicapped preschool children could learn normal classroom behavior through the single treatment variable of exposure to the regular classroom environment with normal peers. Systematic observation of the children's free play and verbal interaction, independence in…

This study reports an attempt to measure implementation of Head Start Planned Variation, a national experiment designed to compare the relative effectiveness of 12 education models. The report first gives the background of the experiment, describes the problem of attempting to assess effectiveness without first measuring implementation, and…

Model identification of time-series data is essential to valid statistical tests of intervention effects. Model identification is, at best, inexact in the social and behavioral sciences where one is often confronted with small numbers of observations. These problems are discussed, and the results of independent identifications of 130 social and…

This paper reports the development of an instrument for monitoring teaching strategies in the teaching of mathematics. The main purpose of research into this area was to determine the aspects of mathematics teaching which result in differential learning within a class. A second purpose was the development of a theoretical model for the teaching…

Classroom observation is an integral part of teacher preparation. The observer must enter the classroom with a frame-of-reference: knowledge of the teacher's goals and objectives, awareness of the climate of the classroom, and knowledge of the discipline. Observation forms to objectively record classroom interaction, assess the learning climate,…

The result of the application of Kelly's (1955) psychology of personal constructs to education is a personal construct model of teaching which reflects itself both in a series of five propositions (based on Kelly's postulates) and a measurement technique, the Tuckman Teacher Feedback Form (TTFF), which is appropriate for determining teacher…

To determine whether teachers' dominative and integrative contacts with children are related to their assessments of children, four kindergarten teachers were observed for 300 minutes each. The Clifton form of the Anderson observational system was used to measure teacher contacts with individual children in their classes. Teachers were then asked…

This research was aimed at identifying some developmental and social-psychological conditions important to the relationship between achievement motivation and scholastic performance. A total of 197 second and fifth grade pupils in two elementary schools were observed near the end of first grade and fourth grade, and then again near the beginning…

Discussed in connection with Project PRIME (Programmed Reentry into Mainstream Education) is the need for educational research to assess the comparative efficacy of three instructional settings (regular resource, and self-contained special education classes) for providing services to handicapped children. It is explained that data on the classroom…

This investigation considered several issues relevant to the assessment of teacher nonverbal behaviors in the classroom. Multiple steps were taken to identify teacher proximity as a quantifiable dimension of teacher nonverbal behavior. These steps include the following: a) isolation of the student-initiated question frame as a suitable and…