The 1988 Hawkins-Stafford Elementary and Secondary School Improvement Amendments to Chapter 1 (now Title I) have enabled broad expansion of Title I schoolwide projects. The regulatory changes provide funding to entire schools, rather than targeting services to meet the needs of the most disadvantaged subpopulations. This paper reviews what is…

Whether common standards exist among the national standards for kindergarten through grade 12 mathematics, science, and civics and government was studied. Common standards were explored among "Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics," produced by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, the "National…

Critical thinking and creative thinking are explored. Critical thinking is the process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, or evaluating information. It includes affective strategies such as thinking independently and developing intellectual perseverance. Certain teaching behaviors can encourage critical…

Instructional research is synthesized, using categories specific and functional enough to provide guidance for classroom practice. The opening chapter presents a theory for conducting a theory-based meta-analysis of the research on instruction, outlining a theory that involves four elements of human information processing: the self-system, the…

This paper connects recent research with common student problems in writing research papers and offers an analysis of the range of synthesis tasks and some reasons why students have difficulty with the demands of these tasks. The paper focuses on the student's problem of not knowing how to think about material in ways that allow him or her to say…

Problems faced by graduate students in research and writing and ways to improve competence in these areas are addressed. Student problems were identified through formal/informal interviews and work with graduate students over a 12-year period. In the first step of choosing a topic, students may be worried that the topic is too broad, narrow, or…

This study investigated the development of students' abilities to integrate information in stories as an aspect of reading comprehension. Students aged 8, 11, 14, and 18 judged the importance of key statements, which varied in their causal relations within an episode, between episodes, and in a higher-order structure, yielding three levels of…

Predicting that when presented with a general context children and adults would produce different specific inferences, a study examined children's and adults' script representations of a common event and the use of representation in comprehension. In the first phase of the study, 23 fourth grade and 48 college students were asked to generate…

Many basic skills are chains of cognitive operations. For teaching such skills, two questions have not been adequately investigated: (1) how the operations comprising the skill should be sequenced, and (2) the relationships among the operations that need to be taught. This investigation entailed four studies on different types and lengths of basic…

Summarizing the International Council for Educational Development's (ICED) second report on the study of nonformal education for rural youth and children, this draft of the second report outlines the substance of each chapter and the main findings, conclusions, and recommendations. This summary does not include the detailed evidence,…

Addressed to those in the manpower field (manpower program planners, practitioners, researchers, and policy makers) currently engaged in work requiring knowledge of labor market functions, this report utilizes data synthesized from a decade of research studies and development projects sponsored by the Office of Manpower Research and Development…

As the first in a four-volume series on the Oklahoma Indian Education Needs Assessment Project, this report presents: an overview of the entire project; a summary of the perceptions and current status of Oklahoma Indian education; and conclusions and recommendations. Survey instruments are identified as the Educational Goals and Needs Survey and…

Prepared under the direction of the Subcommittee on Indian Education by the Legislative Reference Service of the Library of Congress, this compilation constitutes an historical summary of the major enactments dealing with American Indian education. In general, this document includes: the Elementary Secondary Education Act; the federally impacted…

A synthesis of research studies pertaining to the status projections of rural youth is given in this report. In this context, status projection refers to occupational and educational aspirations and expectations. The three major sections of the report are: (1) an overview of current theory, concepts, and measurements; (2) a comprehensive review of…

The author states that our present teaching methods tend to foster a common intellectual skill: thinking the world to pieces, and that while this skill is very essential, it is only half of understanding. Our planet functions not according to a program of technological reductionism, but as a gestalt, and we are in desperate need of perceiving it…