E. D. Hirsch's call for authoritative knowledge about composition is flawed, according to this document, because he focuses on the product and not the process of composing, thereby excluding more of the problem of composition than he includes. Hirsch's principle of readability--that styles that communicate meaning with less effort from the reader…

This publication reviews research findings related to the verbal questioning behaviors and practices of teachers. It emphasizes current research related to the impact of questioning practices on student thinking, achievement, and attitudes. This includes questioning techniques and strategies and approaches to analyzing classroom questions. A list…

A study examined the effects of three types of teacher questions (literal, interpretive, applied) on: (1) frequency, length, and quality of student response; (2) classroom interaction; (3) student questions; (4) intentional and incidental learning; and (5) student attitudes. Multiple-choice formats were used to assess intentional learning, and…

Part of a series of instructor training modules on related subjects instruction for apprentices, this booklet deals with providing for individual learner needs. The first chapter consists of an outline of the scope and content of the instructor training modules as well as a self-asessment pretest. Covered in the module are determining needs,…

The arts and the cultivation of informed awareness should play a more central role in classroom life than they do, and student teachers should be empowered to make this, to some degree, possible. Student teachers have to be able to spend time thinking through what a rational explanation actually means, even as they have to understand what…

This paper supports the position that Piaget's theory (including both structural and functional components), methods, and empirical data have a central role to play in the development of an effective, comprehensive pedagogy. A structural-developmental theory coordinates the teacher's knowledge of curriculum with knowledge of cognitive demands…

This article reviews the basics of learning channels and how specification of stimuli can help enhance verbal behavior. This article will define learning channels and the role of the ability matrix in training verbal behavior.

Historically, technology educators have chosen the creation of products or projects as a means to teach technological concepts. Although it is true that technology is most commonly known by its products, in most educational situations technology is best described as a process. This paper describes a technology education course that promotes…

A cultural divide exists in the classroom, with each participant (teacher and student) having rarely-coinciding objectives for a session. In this paper, the authors wish to reflect on the teaching and learning of science as a process of creating understanding from both sides of this cultural divide. Gary, the second author, describes the…

By building on the natural language competence of children we can make literacy an extension of their language learning.

This paper discusses the memory abilities of children during the preschool and elementary school years, and states that successful remembering does not come naturally to children. Techniques parents and teachers can use to help children improve recall memory skills are described. Differences between recognition memory and recall memory are…

This is an overview of a project in which cross-age tutoring is used as a means of enhancing the learning and motivation of the tutors, in contrast to the practice in which the learning of the tutee is the primary focus. This teaching method is referred to as the "Learning-Tutoring Cycle." It is recommended that secondary students who are in need…

This study compares the validity of three cloze procedures (traditional, limited, and least-major-constituent limited) when reading comprehension is defined as cognitive change. Over 400 seventh and eighth graders from public schools in North Carolina and Arizona were randomly assigned to one of the three cloze formats for either fiction or…

This is an interim progress report on an ongoing study of teaching-learning interaction. The function of the study is to observe learning over a full year of schooling, focusing, in part, on reciprocal interactions. The teaching-learning interaction program is committed to three long-term objectives. Methodologically, it is developing improved…

The learning assistance counselor at the college level should facilitate learning for students who have not developed their cognitive and literacy skills. To enrich the process of discovery in student learning, the counselor can direct students in the following textbook activities: practicing basic syllabifying skills on technical and scientific…