This paper challenges the belief that the only way the Australian educational system can work is by grouping students by chronological age. Chronological age developed over time as the benchmark for school readiness, despite readiness problems created by individual differences among students of the same age. The organization of the classroom,…

The generality of academic self-efficacy judgments was compared between groups of students with different personal characteristics, using the sample drawn from a previous study (M. Bong, 1997) (n=383). Confirmatory factor analyses showed that boys demonstrated more comparable strengths of self-efficacy across the academic domains compared to…

This study examined the relationship between college students' preference for an immediately available option (e.g., go to a favorite concert the day before a test) or a delayed alternative (e.g., stay at home to study for the test). Analysis focused on how much a student would like to engage in a specific activity, the importance of the activity…

Based on the theory of multiple intelligences, this guide is designed for teachers as they assist students through a progression from understanding multiple intelligences and their own intelligence strengths to developing strategies to set clear educational goals, discover their passions, and develop self-advocacy. The guide's units, each of which…

This paper reviews several studies on preschoolers' perceptions of alcohol and drug use. The studies make five main points: (1) the process of socialization to alcohol and drug involvement begins earlier than adolescence, and involves the ability to identify alcohol and drugs by name, class, and smell; (2) the process of socialization involves…

This study was designed to assess genetic influence on behavioral inhibition and its varying expression in 92 monozygotic and 86 dizygotic twin pairs. Infant behavior and mother-child interaction were observed and videotaped during structured play sessions at age 14, 20, 24, and 36 months. Analysis of the results suggests that most of the overlap…

This study of the "flow-through" of students through Cleveland (Ohio) Public School buildings between 1985 and 1989 followed four cohorts of students as they progressed through primary, upper elementary, intermediate, and high school buildings. At each level, the characteristics of "stable" students, who remained in the same…

A study re-examined the hypothesis that an identifiable register of child-directed speech (motherese) contributes to child language acquisition. The hypothesis was studied from two perspectives: (1) that it has not been documented adequately at earlier ages; and (2) that individual differences in style of language acquisition interact with…

Nonnative speakers learn to write just as native speakers do, by learning to adjust their "monitors." Teachers too often focus on form rather than on the students' interests and abilities. With the monitor working at a low level, beginning writers can use their store of acquired skills, and with the monitor level higher, they can…

The psychology of personality has always attempted to define the individual in relation to normative data. However, personality theory should be attempting to define individuals from an interactive measurement model, examining the individual in terms of his own subjective impressions about what he does, with a conception of what he does not do.…

Historically, theories of personality development assigned prominence to the construct of autonomy, which often represented a developmental endpoint. To develop and validate an observer measure of autonomy and to further describe the dynamics underlying the personality and behavior of autonomous individuals, a 10-item scale (Auto CQ) was developed…

The study investigates the use of language patterns in specified social contexts in children and adults, within families, among three different ethnic and geographical groups in the U.S.: Central Texas Mexican Americans, Miami Cuban Americans, and New York Puerto Ricans. (Author/DEP)

Thirty-six studies on individualizing instruction in arithmetic are reviewed, and the general findings emerging from the combined research are discussed. (SD)

The personal teaching objectives of a national sample of college and university teaching faculty during the 1972-1973 academic year are contrasted with the goals that they attribute to their institutions. A greater emphasis on vocational and community services goals are projected for future sociological training. [Available from American…

A clear understanding of the definition and aim of management ca provide a standard for measuring the performance of a manager. Managerial training programs must recognize each manager as a unique individual and focus on the importance of on-the-job performance as the only valid measure of managerial capability. (MW)