Explains the relationship of two Public Library Association publications concerning measurement of public library service: "Performance Measures for Public Libraries" (1973) and "Output Measures for Public Libraries: A Manual for Standardized Procedures" (1982). The importance of data collection methods is noted in discussing…

A study of 288 research units in 66 universities in Austria, Belgium, Finland, and Sweden found that bureaucratic control, through national science policy influence on research themes, affected organizational performance positively in physics and chemistry (where paradigms are highly developed), and negatively in biology and geology (with less…

Discusses three steps in learning-strategy analysis--determining the potential errors, categorizing them as being verbal or motor, and identifying appropriate training objectives, learning strategies, and teaching objectives. Then follow descriptions of concept and principle learning, motor performance, and motor chain learning. The task analyzed…

Researchers used four token reinforcement systems--tokens only, descriptive praise, self-reinforcement, and a combination of all three--and observed the effect on the problem solving performance of fourth-grade reading students. Only students using the combination reward system maintained their progress after tokens were withdrawn. (Authors/PP)

Study time and test performance change as a function of expecting either open or multiple-choice questions on a history test. Subjects tested in either format were led to expect the same test format on a second test. Subjects expecting open questions studied more and performed better on both test formats. (Author/CM)

Gives the outcomes of a study of the impact on learning in industrial training programs that results from presenting adult students with a set of educational objectives prior to their enrollment in a course. Research procedures, the population studied, methods of measurement, data collection, and the results of the study are discussed. (Author/JL)

Evaluated self and organizational responses of 384 middle level managers. Compared groups of high and low likelihood of promotion and groups of varying degrees of mutuality. Found these groups are independent. Suggests both likelihood of promotion and mutuality appear useful in clarifying managerial work motivation. (Author/JAC)

This study examined differential expectancy effects as a function of teachers' susceptibility to biasing information and distinctions between positive ("Galatea effects") and negative ("Golem effects") outcomes of teacher expectancies. Patterns of differential, negative expectancy effects were evident not only in teachers'…

Six classes of fifth- and sixth-grade students were taught a unit on probability. Following the lesson, students were interviewed about their thought processes. Students' reports of their understanding of the lesson and their use of specific cognitive strategies were related to achievement. (Author/BW)

Discusses how seniority rules in teachers' contracts have affected the performance of public education during the last 10 years of decreasing enrollments and growing power of teachers' unions. The merits of alternative types of employment contracts are considered. (Author/RH)

Treated test-anxious college students with cognitive behavior therapy, relaxation training, and thermal biofeedback training. Experimental subjects also received in vivo distraction coping training. Overall program efficacy was demonstrated by reductions in anxiety and increases in rationality of personal belief systems. In vivo training did not…

Total conducting ability involves technique, mechanics, insight into elements of expression, and musical sensitivity. Presented are eight basic principles which combine musicianship and conducting. (KC)

Describes two experiments conducted to explain why retarded children of younger mental age appear to be more selective on discrimination tasks containing relevant redundant cues than do children of older mental age. Findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the latter group of children are overselective because they tend to solve…

The oxygen uptake and heart rate of men and boys were determined and compared using a continuous incremental bicycle ergometer test. Both groups had similar patterns for consistency, but the children had smaller individual difference variations for both oxygen uptake and heart rate. (FG)

High and low academic achievers from each of two grades, fourth and seventh, were assigned to one of two experimental conditions. Some were told they were going to take a test. Others were told they would play a game. Findings suggest that game task-definition does not always enhance performance. (Author/BEF)