The differences in the meanings of "shall" and "will" are presented, along with examples from various grammars, beginning with the sixteenth century and including contemporary ESL (English as a second language) textbooks. (HP)

Proponents of the language difference theory established sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic criticisms of the language deficit position. These criticisms are reviewed and an additional psycholinguistic criticism is advanced. (AM)

Discusses the characteristics of children's conversations, based on recording the conversations of three five-year-olds for a day, using radio microphones. (AA)

This articles discusses intonation in terms of different kinds of contours and demonstrates the inadequacy of any approach to English intonation which treats contours as sequences of significant pitch levels. (NCR)

Gives standards for judging the translation of advertisements. The examples are French to English as well as English to French. Emphasizes readability, memorizability, and puns. (MLA)

Discusses the teaching of interpretation. The importance of delayed interpretation, as opposed to simultaneous interpretation, is stressed, because of the emphasis on semantic meaning. (Text is in Spanish.) (NCR)

Based on travel to the People's Republic of China, language changes and reform are reported. New meanings of old expressions and new expressions are listed and discussed. Language reform consists of: popularization of Putonghua, simplification of the characters, and romanization of the Chinese Language. (SW)

Discusses the responsibility of the university to research and teach about uses of language by doctors, lawyers, government bureaucrats, and others in order to control rather than communicate. (DD)

Presents a case study in which the use of intricate varieties of levels of honorifics in Japanese is more complicated than traditional sociolinguistics has shown. The buraku (Japanese barrio) treated here is situated in the west part of Honshu, Japan, and consists of 13 households. (CHK)

This Spanish lesson consists of an essay on the use of "usted" and "tu," followed by a series of exercises including questions on the text, vocabulary, grammar and the use of the subjunctive. (Text is in Spanish.) (CHK)

Spanish is increasingly influenced by English, especially in the creation and usage of new, Anglicized technical vocabulary. This article calls for a Center for Terminology, to classify new terms and their meanings, to organize creation of new terms according to Spanish roots, and to compose a dictionary of terminology. (Text is in Spanish.) (CHK)

Suggests that a career in communication necessitates a strong personal commitment because communication professionals deal in human choices. Illustrates language-choice interaction by examining the rhetoric of those who have confronted difficult choices, including Ben Franklin, Abe Lincoln, Stephen Douglas, and Ms. Waterbury. (MH)

A synthesis of a research project treating the relationship between the comprehension of English words, the ability to use them and their actual usage by members of various social groups in Paris. Topics covered are: methodology, classification of words, reactions of informants and interpretation of data. (Text is in French.) (AMH)

Major structural varieties of personal names as they are used in Kuwait are reviewed. Personal names are an important subclass of noun and constitute a nearly universal language of relationship. (DS)

The third person singular pronouns are either neuter or sex linked even in situations where they should be neutral. When the sex is unknown then a substitute, for example "heesh" should be used. The present paper examines several of these awkward words and makes recommendations for substitutes. (Author)