Brazilian educator Paulo Freire was largely responsible for the education of the masses of illiterates in his country. Freire operated on the assumption that people have a problem-solving orientation to the world. Rejecting the predominant mode of education in which the educator imparts reality to passive students, Freire held that education…

This paper presents a developmental study of the effects of item rehearsal on children's short term memory. Two experiments are discussed. The first, involving second and sixth grade children, concerned the relationship between item retrieval ability and rehearsal strategies in item recall. The design of the experiment involved varying the visual…

The effects of different schedules of noncontingent reward on subsequent learning in children were investigated. In the first phase of the experiment subjects performed a block-design matching task and received one of three schedules of noncontingent reward, i.e., continuous reward (Group CRF), random reward on 50% of the trials (Group 50R), or no…

By 1960 there was a strongly developed theory of learning in which learning was considered as change of behavior. Neobehaviorist theories and then formal stochastic models analyzed processes in which probabilities of responses are altered. In the 1960's, analysis of learning as a discrete change between states of knowledge or stages of processing…

Cognitive science is a science of intelligence, of knowledge and its uses. Research is psychological theory follows four major themes: Perception, Attention, Memory, and Performance. Only when the range of cognitive mechanisms and functions is known, can possible theoretical approaches characterizing human thought and cognition be distinguished.…

A YEAR COURSE IN NINTH-GRADE SCIENCE WAS IMPROVED BY THE EVALUATION OF EACH LESSON USING A LEARNING PROFILE STUDENT RATING TECHNIQUE.THE PURPOSES OF THE STUDY WERE TO MAXIMIZE EFFICIENCY OF SCIENCE INSTRUCTION, TO MEASURE IMPROVEMENTS, TO TEST EFFECTIVENESS OF NEW MATERIALS, TO SUGGEST WAYS OF IMPROVING INSTRUCTION, TO EVALUATE ACTIVITIES ON A…

A CRITICAL REVIEW OF PSYCHOLOGICAL LITERATURE AND A RESEARCH METHODS INVENTORY, RELATING TO THE LEARNING OF MATHEMATICS AT ALL ACADEMIC LEVELS, WERE CONDUCTED TO DEVELOP A HANDBOOK OR GUIDE FOR USE BY INVESTIGATORS IN THE FIELD OF MATHEMATICS TEACHING. THIS EFFORT TOOK PLACE DURING A 3-MONTH PERIOD WHICH INCLUDED SYSTEMATIC SURVEYS OF LITERATURE…

AN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE ALREADY EXISTS AND IS EVALUATED HERE IN THE SECOND OF A SERIES OF REPORTS INTENDED TO BE VALUABLE TO ANYONE INTERESTED IN HOW ENVIRONMENT AFFECTS LEARNING AND BEHAVIOR. MAN IS A NONSTATIONARY OPEN SYSTEM UNDERGOING CONTINUOUS INTERCHANGE WITH HIS ENVIRONMENT. THIS INTERACTION, AND THE SEVERAL ASPECTS OF HIS…

INDIVIDUAL STYLES OF LEARNING VARY CONSIDERABLY, AND NOT ENOUGH ATTENTION HAS BEEN PAID TO THIS FACT BY TEACHERS AND EDUCATORS. IF A BRIGHT CHILD MAKES VERY POOR PROGRESS IN SCHOOL, THE IMMEDIATE ASSUMPTION TODAY IS LIKELY TO BE THAT HE HAS AN EMOTIONAL PROBLEM. ACTUALLY, HE MAY SIMPLY TAKE A LONG TIME TO "WARM UP," AND HAS BECOME SO…

THREE PSYCHOLOGICAL DISCIPLINES OFFER APPROACHES TO AN UNDERSTANDING OF INTELLIGENCE. AN ATTEMPT IS MADE TO UNCOVER THE COMMON FEATURES OF THE PSYCHOMETRIC SCHOOL, LEARNING, AND MENTAL DEVELOPMENT APPROACHES. A STRUCTURAL CONCEPT IS SELECTED FROM EACH PSYCHOLOGICAL DISCIPLINE FOR COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS--THE CONCEPT OF FACTOR FROM THE PSYCHOMETRIC…

IN A PAIRED-ASSOCIATE LEARNING EXPERIMENT, THE SUBJECT'S OWN VOICE AND THEN THAT OF ANOTHER WERE HEARD TO TEST THE EFFECTIVENESS OF RECALL OF BOTH PRESENTATIONS. HALF OF THE WORDS FROM EACH VOICE WAS PRESENTED BY AIR-CONDUCTED SOUND TO EARPHONES AND HALF BY OCCLUDED BONE CONDUCTION. THE ORDER OF PRESENTATION OF VOICES, WORD-PAIR HALF-BLOCKS, AND…

THE MAJOR PART OF THIS CONFERENCE REPORT DEVELOPS THE CONFERENCE THEME, "INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE LEARNING," AS PRESENTED BY THE PRINCIPAL SPEAKER, JOHN B. CARROLL. HIS PAPER TREATS RATE OF LEARNING, SPECIALIZED TRAITS IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE APTITUDE (PHONETIC CODING ABILITY, GRAMMATICAL SENSITIVITY, ROTE LEARNING ABILITY,…

THE AUTOINSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS IN THIS TEXT WERE PREPARED FOR USE IN AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY, OFFERING SELF-TUTORING MATERIAL FOR LEARNING ATOMIC PHYSICS. THE TOPICS COVERED ARE (1) NUCLEAR BINDING ENERGY, (2) DISCOVERY OF RADIOACTIVITY, (3) RADIOACTIVE RADIATIONS, (4) ALPHA AND BETA DECAY, (5) BETA DECAY REACTIONS, (6) RADIOACTIVE DATING AND…

A SERIES OF RESEARCH PROGRAMS CONCERNED WITH THE EFFECTS OF SYSTEMATIC VARIATIONS OF CERTAIN CONDITIONS RELATED TO LEARNING HAS BEEN CONDUCTED. PROJECTS PREVIOUSLY REPORTED INCLUDED TWO INVESTIGATIONS OF REINFORCEMENT AND SUBJECT VARIABLES AND ONE ON THE STUDY OF PRACTICE AND SUBJECT VARIABLES. THE NATURE OF THE OVERALL PROGRAM WAS DISCUSSED IN…

TWO HIGH SCHOOL PHYSICS CLASSES WERE CHOSEN TO BE EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS IN A STUDY OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AUDIOVISUAL MEDIA USED IN A COMPLEMENTARY (RATHER THAN SUPPLEMENTARY) ROLE IN THE INSTRUCTIONAL PROCESS. FOUR CLASSES TAUGHT BY TWO TEACHERS COMPRISED THE CONTROL GROUP. THE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN WAS COMPLICATED IN THAT THE GROUPS WERE STRATIFIED…